This is a brief and limited presentation about the history of pharmacology which may be helpful for students of pharmacy, nursing as well as medical, for any error or complain please contact me
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
For all YouTube Live video practical series of experimental Pharmacology click:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to
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Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
INTRODUCTION
In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
Preclinical pharmacology and toxicology are essential elements of the drug discovery and development process and are critical in enabling the translation of findings from the laboratory and the clinic. The drug discovery process is complex and involves numerous iterative steps designed to optimize the pharmacological and drug-like properties of a candidate molecule, a New Chemical Entity (NCE), and minimize the potential for side effects and toxicities. Key concepts addressed in this record include: compound identification; lead optimization; pharmaceutical profiling; the use of animal models to predict efficacy and safety and toxicological assessment as these relate to the regulatory requirements for Phase I trial initiation. Commentary is also provided on the current challenges associated with translational medicine as it applies to the effective evolution of candidate NCEs into viable clinical candidates.
The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics. On average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that enters drug discovery to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
Receptor types, mechanism, receptor pharmacology, drug receptor interactions, theories of receptor pharmacology, spare receptors and new concepts like biased agonism
Drug discovery and development is and always has been the most exciting part of clinical pharmacology. It is my attempt to compile the basic concepts from various books, articles and online journals. Feel free to comment.
For all YouTube Live video practical series of experimental Pharmacology click:
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to
My YouTube Channel:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
INTRODUCTION
In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
Preclinical pharmacology and toxicology are essential elements of the drug discovery and development process and are critical in enabling the translation of findings from the laboratory and the clinic. The drug discovery process is complex and involves numerous iterative steps designed to optimize the pharmacological and drug-like properties of a candidate molecule, a New Chemical Entity (NCE), and minimize the potential for side effects and toxicities. Key concepts addressed in this record include: compound identification; lead optimization; pharmaceutical profiling; the use of animal models to predict efficacy and safety and toxicological assessment as these relate to the regulatory requirements for Phase I trial initiation. Commentary is also provided on the current challenges associated with translational medicine as it applies to the effective evolution of candidate NCEs into viable clinical candidates.
The main goals of preclinical studies are to determine a starting, safe dose for first-in-human study and assess potential toxicity of the product, which typically include new medical devices, prescription drugs, and diagnostics. On average, only one in every 5,000 compounds that enters drug discovery to the stage of preclinical development becomes an approved drug.
Pharmacy has been inseparable from mankind’s history. The history of preparation and use of medicines dates back to ancient times.
In ancient times, diseases were thought to be produced by evil forces or by a God’s anger.
Thus, religious persons (priests or shamans) or magicians were found to be associated with the treatment of patients. So called religious rituals always accompanied with the drug treatment.
Receptor types, mechanism, receptor pharmacology, drug receptor interactions, theories of receptor pharmacology, spare receptors and new concepts like biased agonism
It was my first pg seminar.I have added notes on which speaker can speak.A few slides that were added after the thank u slide were just for reference and not fit for presenting to audience.
Introduction to pharmacognosy including definition of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Scope and development of Pharmacognosy as well as some question on the topic Like Multiple choice question, short question and long question
The term sulfonamides also known as (sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are used for are a group of drugs ranging in clinical use from antibacterial to diuretic activity that share the sulfonamide functional group.
Chemically, the sulfonamide functional group is -S (=O)2-NH2 , i.e. a sulfonyl group connected to an amine group.
The original sulfonamides were synthetic antimicrobial agents but now newer groups have been developed from them .
.The journey of these drugs is a remarkable one and their discovery represents one of the important breakthroughs of medicine of the 20th century
Pharmacy Services Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan.pptxAfkar432
this presentation explains the services provided by a Pharmacy Services Department in a Tertiary care hospital. This can be helpful for Pharmacists working in hospitals. Those who are seeking future in this field can also get benefits.
Contents: The Pharmacy Services Department, Structure
Services Provided, Hospital Pharmacy Services, Clinical Services, Educational Services, R&D.
Antibiotic stewardship explained in one presentation, which can be helpful to the medical field beginners and students as well as thorough information can be obtained regarding the subject matter.
Objectives:
1. To understand the purpose of implementing an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP)
2.To recall the core elements of hospital and outpatient antibiotic stewardship programs as defined by the CDC
3. To recognize key interventions that an antimicrobial stewardship program can implement in both the hospital and community settings
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Clinical Application of Liposomes.pptxAfkar432
A simple view about liposomes as a novel drug delivery system
what are liposomes?
how are liposomes prepared?
what are the characterization techniques of liposomes?
what are the advantages and disadvantages of liposomes?
how drugs are uploaded into liposomes?
mechanisms of drug release from liposomes.
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
This presentation contains a brief classification of medication on the basis of sources, dosage form, law, affect on body systems, and therapeutic effects. Students of pharmacy, nursing sciences, and medical can benefit from it, for any complain or error, please contact me freely.
The presentation contains a brief description of the uses and purposes of medications/drugs, which can be helpful for pharmacy, medical as well as nursing students and professionals, for any error or objection contact me please
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. History of Pharmacology
Etymologically, pharmacology is the
science of drugs (Greek pharmacon,
medicine or drug; and logos, study).
Pharmacology has been defined as
“an experimental science which has
for its purpose the study of changes
brought about in living organisms by
chemically acting substances (with the
exception of foods), whether used for
therapeutic purposes or not.”
3. History of pharmacology
Synthetic organic chemistry was born
in 1828, when Friedrich Wohler
synthesized urea from inorganic
substances.
The birth date of pharmacology is not
as clear-cut. In the early 19thcentury,
physiologists performed many
pharmacologic studies.
4. François Magendie
Studied the action of nux vomica (a
strychnine-containing plant drug) on
dogs, and showed that the spinal cord
was the site of its convulsant action.
His work was presented to the Paris
Academy in 1809.
5. Claude Bernard
In1842, Claude Bernard discovered
that the arrow poison curare acts at
the neuromuscular junction to interrupt
the stimulation of muscle by nerve
impulses.
6. Rudolf Buchheim
Nevertheless, pharmacology is held to have
emerged as a separate science only when the
first university chair was established.
According to Walter Sneader, this occurred in
1847, when Rudolf Buchheim was appointed
professor of pharmacology at the University of
Dorpat in Estonia (then a part of Russia).
Lacking outside funding, Buchheim built a
laboratory at his own expense in the basement of
his home.
Although Buchheim is credited with turning the
purely descriptive and empirical study of
medicines into an experimental science, his
reputation is overshadowed by that of his
student, Oswald Schmiedeberg.
8. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–
1921)
He generally recognized as the founder of modern
pharmacology.
The son of a Latvian forester, Schmiedeberg obtained his
medical doctorate in 1866 with a thesis on the measurement
of chloroform in blood.
He worked at Dorpat under Buchheim, succeeding him in
1869.
In 1872, he became professor of pharmacology at the
University of Strassburg, receiving generous government
support in the form of a magnificent institute of pharmacology.
He studied the pharmacology of chloroform and
chloralhydrate.
In 1869, Schmiedeberg showed that muscarine evoked the
same effect on the heart as electrical stimulation of the vagus
nerve.
In 1878, he published a classic text, Outline of Pharmacology,
and in 1885, he introduced urethane as a hypnotic.
In his 46 years at Strassburg, Schmiedeberg trained most of
the men who became professors at other German universities
and in several foreign countries. He was largely responsible
10. John Jacob Abel
In the United States, the first chair in
pharmacology was established at the University
of Michigan in 1890 under John Jacob Abel, an
American who had trained under Schmiedeberg.
In 1893, Abel went to Johns Hopkins University
in Baltimore, where he had a long and brilliant
career.
His major accomplishments include the isolation
of epinephrine from adrenal gland extracts
(1897–1898), isolation of histamine from pituitary
extract (1919), and preparation of pure crystalline
insulin (1926).
His student Reid Hunt discovered acetylcholine
in adrenal extracts in 1906.
Today, there is a pharmacology department in
every college of medicine or pharmacy.
11. And today
Today, there is a pharmacology
department in every college of
medicine or pharmacy.