This document provides an introduction to the Department of Pharmacology at NEIGRIHMS. It discusses the history of pharmacology and some pioneering figures. Pharmacology is defined as the study of how chemicals affect living processes, including drugs, hormones, neurotransmitters and toxic agents. The roles of pharmacologists and medicinal chemists in drug discovery are described. Key terms like drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic agents are defined. The relationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are outlined. Recommended pharmacology textbooks are also listed.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
It is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living system
DRUG
World Health Organisation (WHO) defines drug as ‘any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefi t of the recipient’
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
Pharmacology: Class Session 1 and 2 Introduction to PharmacologyMariaJose2001
This is an outline of the basics of Pharmacology. A discussion of how drugs are named, classified and its effects on the person's biochemical processes. It also included the factors influencing drug action and potential drug interactions. At the end, some commonly ysed terminologies were defined.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
It is the science that deals with the effects of drugs on living system
DRUG
World Health Organisation (WHO) defines drug as ‘any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefi t of the recipient’
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
Antiprotozoal agents is a class of pharmaceuticals used in treatment of protozoan infection. Protozoans have little in common with each other and so agents effective against one pathogen may not be effective against another
Pharmacology: Class Session 1 and 2 Introduction to PharmacologyMariaJose2001
This is an outline of the basics of Pharmacology. A discussion of how drugs are named, classified and its effects on the person's biochemical processes. It also included the factors influencing drug action and potential drug interactions. At the end, some commonly ysed terminologies were defined.
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Explain history of pharmacology and following fundamental definitions of:
Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacokinetics, drug, Pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacology, chemotherapy, Pharmacy, Pharmaceutics.
B. Discuss different aspects of drug nomenclature.
C. Explain essential medicine and Orphan drugs.
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
General Pharmacology Lecture Slides on introduction to Pharmacology by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
This is the presentation for B. Pharm. IV semester students.
It includes Introduction of Medicinal Chemistry, History and Development of Medicinal Chemistry
A Power point presentation on Betalactam antibiotics suitable for undergraduate medical students. This Ppt is already presented in theory class lectures to the students of NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya
A Powerpoint presentation on drugs excretion and elimination suitable for UG medical students. This ppt is already presented to my students in one of the theory classes.
A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
4. History
Pioneers of Medicine and
Pharmacology:
• Hippocrates (450 B.C.)
• Francois Magendie (1783 - 1855)
• Claude Bernerd (1813 - 1878)
• Rudolf Buchheim (1820 to 1879)
5. What is Pharmacology ?
• From the Greek Pharmacon (drug), logos (a
discourse or treatise)
• Broadly defined as how chemical agents
affect living processes:
•
•
•
•
•
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Growth factors
Drugs (pharmaceuticals)
Toxic agents in the environment
6. …contd.
• The medicinal/organic chemists may
create the candidate compound
(sometimes referred to as a new chemical
entity, (NCE), it is the pharmacologist who
is responsible for testing it for
pharmacological activity.
• Ultimately will lead to the discovery of
novel drugs for therapeutic intervention
7. What is a Drug?
• French: Drogue – a dry herb
• A single active chemical entity present in a
medicine that is used for diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases
• WHO – in 1966 – “ Drug is any substance or
product which is used or intended to be
used to modify or explore physiological
systems or pathological states for the
benefit of the recipient.”
• Therapeutic or diagnostic or preventive
benefits Must …
8. …contd.
• Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs
and how they exert their effects:
• Paracetamol can reduce body temperature in
case of fever by inhibiting an enzyme known as
cyclooxygenase in CNS, which is responsible for
the synthesis of a number of inflammatory
mediators.
• Penicillin cures certain bacterial infections by
disrupting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls
by inhibiting a key enzyme.
9. Pharmacology is the unique
combination of several
Biomedical Sciences!
Ph
ys
iol
og
y
ch
o
Bi
try
is
em
Pharmacology
try
s
mi
he
C
M
ed
ici
n
e
10. Recommended Text
Books
Text Book
Author
Edition
The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics
Goodman
Gillman
11th
Edition
Basic and Clinical
Pharmacology
Bertram G
Katzung
7th
Edition
Essentials of Medical
Pharmacology
K. D. Tripathi
Pharmacology and
Pharmacotherapeutics
Satoskar and
Bhandarkar
6th
edition,
2008
20th
Edition
11. Branches
of
Pharmacology
• TWO MAIN BRANCHES - Pharmacokinetics
& Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics:
(What Body does to Drugs?)
• Study the FATE of drugs once ingested and the
variability of drug response in varying patient
population
• Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion of Drugs
Pharmacodynamics:
(What Drugs do to the Body?)
• Study the mechanisms by which Drugs act?
• Also study endogenous agents
12. Relationship – Dynamics
and Kinetics
Dosage Regimen
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
Pharmacokinetics
Concentration in
Plasma
Pharmacodynamics
Concentration at the
site of action
Effect
14. Pharmacy and Clinical
Pharmacy
Definitions
• It is the art and science of compounding
and dispensing drugs or preparing
suitable dosage forms for administration
of drugs in man and animals. It also
includes identification, selection,
collection, purification, isolation,
standardization and quality control of
medicinal substances.
• Clinical pharmacy is a health science
discipline in which pharmacists provide
patient care that optimizes medication
therapy and promotes health, wellness,
and disease prevention
15. Some Other Definitions
• Pharmacoepidemiology: Study of effect of
Drugs on populations
• Pharmacoeconomics: Study of cost
effectiveness of drug treatment; the cost
of medications is of worldwide concern,
particularly among certain groups such as
elderly and AIDS patients
16. Definitions – contd.
• Chemotherapy: It is the branch of therapeutics
which is concerned with the effects of drugs upon
microorganisms and parasites, living or multiplying
in a living organism. It also includes the drugs
used in malignancy
• Pharmacognosy: is the science of identification of
drugs
• Toxicology: is the science of poisons which
includes detection and measurement of poisons as
well as treatment of poisoning. Poisons are the
substances causing harmful, dangerous or fatal
symptoms in man and animals.
17. Definitions – contd.
• Pharmacopoeia: It is
an official code
containing a selected
list of the established
drugs and medicinal
preparations with
descriptions of their
physical properties and
tests for their identity,
purity and potency.
Define the standards of
preparations.
Examples- BP, USP, IP
an EP
18. Definitions – contd.
• National Formulary: It is the book
published as product information on
drugs available to prescribers in
respective countries
Examples – National formulary – BNF
by BMA and PSGB
National Formulary of India is
published by Govt. of India.
19. Definitions – contd.
• Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia: It is
a voluminous database published
periodically by The Pharmaceutical Press
for Council of Royal Pharmaceutical
Society of Great Britain
• It contains concise reports on action
and uses of drugs available in most of
the world.
20. Essential Medicines
• WHO defines – “Essential Medicines are
those that satisfy the priority healthcare
needs of the population. Essential
medicines are intended to be available
within the context of functioning health
systems at all times and in adequate
amounts, in appropriate dosage forms,
with assured quality and adequate
information, and at a price the individual
and the community can afford.”
• 1977 – 1996 – 2003
21. Orphan Drugs
• These are the drugs or biological products
for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of
a rare disease or a more common disease
(endemic only in poor countries) for which
there is no reasonable expectation that the
cost of developing and marketing will be
recovered from the sale of these
medicines.
• Examples: Rifabutin, Succimer, Fomepizole
and liposomal amphotericin B etc.
22. Drug Nomenclature
1. Chemical Name – Chemical name
and code name
• Describe substances chemically
• For example - paraacetylaminophenol
1. Non-proprietary Name – USAN,
BAN, rINN, generic name.
2. Proprietary Name (Brand Name) Manufacturer
23. Drug Nomenclature –
contd.
1. Chemical Name –
•
•
Describe substances chemically
For example - paraacetylaminophenol …!
1. Non-proprietary Name – (USAN and
BAN)
•
PARACETAMOL
1. Proprietary Name –
•
Crocin, Calpol and ……..
(Similarly for aspirin …..)
24. Drug Nomenclature –
contd.
•
Chemical Name – “N-(4-Nitro-2phenoxyphenyl) methanesulfonamide”
[International union of Pure and Applied
chemistry (IUPAC)]
•
•
Non-proprietary Name – Nimesulide
Proprietary Name – Nise, Nimulid …. etc.
25. Drug Nomenclature –
New drug being
developed
1. Chemical Name or Code name
– RO 15-17288
2. Non-proprietary Name:
Flumazenil
(BAN, USAN and rINN) – approved
name/official name
3. Proprietary name: Anexate,
Lanexat, Mazicon, Romazicon
30. Choices of Routes of
Drugs
• Drugs may be acidic, basic, or neutral and come in
a variety of chemical forms such as small organic
molecules, large polymers such as proteins,
carbohydrates and other compounds with complex
chemistries
• Physical and chemical properties of drug –
solid/gas/liquid or solubility, pH etc.
• Site of desired action – localized or generalized
• Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism of
drug
• Accuracy of dosage required
• Condition of the patient – unconscious, vomiting etc.
31. Local Routes
1.
2.
3.
Topical – External application of the drug
to the surface for localized action, e.g.
lotion, ointment, cream, powder, paints,
and spray etc.
Deeper tissues – Certain deep areas can
be approached by syringe and needle,
e.g. intra-articular, intra-medullarly, intralesional injection, intrathecal and
infiltration
Arterial supply – Closed intra arterial
injection, e.g. angiography and
anticancer drugs.
32. Routes - Enemata
• Application of medicaments into rectum
• Two types:
• Evacuant enema: Mainly liquid form for
local action e.g., soap water enema
• Quantity of fluid 600 ml
• Retention enema: Mainly solid form
meant for systemic action e.g.,
prednisolone enema
33. Systemic Routes –
1.Oral (enteral)
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
•
•
•
• Self medication
possible – no
assistance required
•
•
Vast area of absorption
Simplicity of procedure –
no extra cost
Slow in action and hence
safe with some risky
drugs
Both solid and liquid
dosage forms can be
given
•
•
•
•
•
•
Onset of action is tardy
Irritant and unpalatable
drugs cannot be
administered
Absorption is irregular with
some drugs e.g.
aminoglycosdes
May induce nausea and
vomiting
Not useful in presence of
vomiting and diarrhoea
Can be destroyed by gastric
juice – penicillin G, insulin
Cannot be used in
unconscious and
uncooperative patient.
34. Oral Route – contd.
• Enteric coated: with acetate-pthalate,
glutean and anionic polymers of
methacrylic acid and its esters.
• To prevent gastric irritation and alteration of
drug in stomach.
• To achieve desired concentration of drug in
small intestine
• To retard the absorption of drug
• Controlled release (CR):
Timsules/Spansules
• To provide uniform medication for prolonged
period
35. 2. Sublingual
• Kept under the tongue or crushed and spread over
the buccal mucosa
• Advantages:
•
•
•
•
rapid absorption – action in 1 minute
liver is bypassed – directly in systemic circulation
can spit out the drug
Unconscious patients
• Disadvantages:
• Only lipid soluble drugs
• Uncooperative patients
• Irritation of mucosa
Drugs: GTN (Glyceryl trinitrate), Buprenorphine
(Nifedepine)
36. 3. Rectal
• Irritant and unpleasant drugs as
suppositories or retention enema
• Can be used in presence of vomiting
and unconsciousness
• Absorbed by external hemorrhoid
veins – bypasses liver
Drugs – Diazepam, Indomethacin and
Aminophylline etc.
37. 4. Inhalation
• Very rapid absorption due to vast
surface area of lungs
• General anesthetics – gases and liquids
• Pressurized metered dose aerosols - MDI
• Dry powder inhalation - Rotahalers
38. 5. Nasal
• Absorbed by mucous membrane
of the nose
• Hepatic first pass metabolism
and gastric juices are bypassed
(GnRH agonists like Leuprolide,
dDAVP and calcitonin)
39. 6. Parenteral (Par –
beyond, enteral – intestine)
Advantages:
• Unconscious and
uncooperative patient
• In presence of vomiting
and diarrhea
• Irritant drugs
• By pass alimentary
juice and 1st pass
metabolism
• Rapid action and
accuracy of dose
Disadvantages:
• Costly and painful
• Self medication is
difficult
• Less safe and chance
of infection
• Injury to nerves and
arteries
• Risky
41. Intradermal and
Subcutaneous
Intradermal:
BCG and sensitivity Tests
Subcutaneous:
• Non-irritant substances
• Small amount as less vascular
• Self injection is possible
• Avoid in shock
• Repository depot preparations
– aqueous suspensions
Best example – Insulin
Hypodermoclysis
42. Intramuscular
• Soluble substances, mild
irritants, suspensions and
colloids
• Sites of Injection – buttock,
deltoid muscle
• No IM injection to child before
walking
43. Intravenous route
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Quick action – ideal for
emergency
• Desired concentration
can be obtained
• No hepatic first pass
metabolism
• Can be used in
unconscious and
uncooperative patients
•
•
•
•
•
•
Costly – special apparatus
required
Thrombophlebitis and local
irritation
Self medication not
possible
Action cannot be halted
Extravasation may cause
severe irritation
Aseptic and antiseptic
measures to be maintained
44. Transcutaneous Routes
• Innunction: Nitroglycerin in angina pectoris
• Iontophoresis: Galvanic current is for penetration
of drugs to deeper tissues – anode and cathode
iontophoresis e.g., salicylates
• Jet injection: Painless injection – high velocity jet
produced through a microfine orifice
• Transdermal therapeutic system (Novel drug
delivery): Examples – GTN, Nicotine and Estrdiol
• Scopolamine patch
• Implants: Biodegradable and non-biodegradable.
Example - Norplants
46. Special Drug Delivery
System
• Ocusert: Pilocarpine, progestsert
• Prodrug: Examples
• levodopa to dopamine
• Chloramphenicol palmitate
• Targeted delivery: Monoclonal
antibodies
• Liposomes: daunorubicin,
doxorubicin nd amphotericin B etc.
47. Remember
• Drug Nomenclature
• Sources of Drugs with examples of each
• Active pharmacological components of
plants
• Routes of administration of Drugs with
examples
• Advantages and Disadvantages of different
routes
• Special drug delivery systems