Frame structures use a combination of columns, beams, and slabs to bear both gravity and lateral loads. They are commonly used when large bending moments are expected from applied loads. There are two main types of frame structures: rigid frames and braced frames. Rigid frames act monolithically with columns and beams working together to resist moments from loads, while braced frames add diagonal bracing between columns and beams to improve resistance to lateral forces like wind and earthquakes.

1. Classification of Frames

2. Frame structures are the constructions
having a blend of column, beam & slab to
bear the adjacent and gravity loads.
These structures are generally used to
overcome the large moments emerging
owing to the applied loading.
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▫ Frames structures can be categorized as:
Frame Structures Types:
2. Braced frame structure:
Classification:
• Portal frames
• Gabled frames
1. Rigid frame structure
Which can be further differentiated as:
• Fixed ended
• Pin ended

5. Rigid Structural Frame
The word rigid implies the ability to stand the deformation. Rigid frame
structures can be defined as the structures having columns & beams, made
monolithically & acting together to tolerate the moments which are producing as
a result of applied load.
Rigid frame structures offer further stability. These kinds of frame
structures bear the moment, shear & torsion more efficiently as
compared to any other type of frame structures. This is the reason,
why this frame system is utilized in world’s most amazing structure
Burj Al-Arab.

6. Fix Ended Rigid Frame Structure
▫ In this kind of rigid frame
systems end conditions are
generally fixed.
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Pin Ended Rigid Structural Frames
A pinned ended rigid frame system commonly has pins as their support conditions. If its support
conditions are removed, this frame system is reflected to be non-rigid.

10. BIG
CONCEPT
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11. Braced Framed Structures
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▫ With this frame system, bracing are commonly
provided between columns & beams to surge
their resistance besides the sideways forces and
lateral forces because of an applied load. Bracing
is typically done by positioning the diagonal
members amid the columns & beams.
▫ This frame system offers more effective
resistance against the wind forces & earthquake
and is also more effective than the rigid frame
system.

12. Types of Bracing
▫ Single diagonals-
Diagonally braced frame are
better in vertical tension and
compression on opposite
sides of the frames, due to
the bending effect.
▫ Cross-bracing-
▫ Cross-bracing (or X-bracing) uses two
diagonal members crossing each other. These only need
to be resistant to tension, one brace at a time acting to
resist sideways forces, depending on the direction of
loading. As a result, steel cables can also be used for
cross-bracing.
▫ However, cross bracing on the outside face of
a building can interfere with the positioning and
functioning of window openings.
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X-bracing is a structural engineering practice where
the lateral load on a building is reduced by transferring
the load into the exterior columns
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/T
our_Eiffel_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg

15. V-bracing- 15
Two diagonal members forming a V-shape extend
downwards from the top two corners of a
horizontal member and meet at a center point on the
lower horizontal member (left-hand diagram).
Inverted V-bracing (right-hand diagram, also known as
chevron bracing) involves the two members meeting at a
center point on the upper horizontal member.
Both systems can significantly reduce
the buckling capacity of the compression brace

16. K-bracing
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▫ K-braces connect to the columns at
mid-height.
▫ This frame has more flexibility for the
provision of openings in the facade
and results in the least bending in
floor beams.
▫ K-bracing is generally discouraged in
seismic regions because of the
potential for column failure if the
compression brace buckles

17. CLASSIFICATIONS
Portal frames
Gabled frames
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Gabled Structural Frame:
Gabled frame structures have
the peak at their top. These
frames systems are used in
the places with chances of
heavy rainfall or snowfall.
Gable frame are type of steel portal
frame with one basic difference that
is it has inclined sides and high.
Gabel frame are used in single
storey steel industrial building when
large span is required.

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Portal Frame
▫ Portal structural frames generally look
like a door. This frame system is much
in use for construction of commercial
& industrial buildings.
▫ Load first transmits from slab to
beams, then to from beam to columns,
and then from columns it handovers it
to the base.

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Merits of Frame Structures
1. Frame structures can be constructed
rapidly.
2. One of the best benefits of frame
structures is their ease in construction. It
is very easy to train the labor at the
construction site.
3. As economy also plays a very important
role in the design of building systems.
Frame structures have economical
designs.

22. Demerits of Frames:
In frames structures, span lengths are typically restricted
to 40ft when normal reinforced concrete. Or else spans
larger than that can source lateral deflections.
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