Behaviorism theory of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

1. BEHAVIORISM:
Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson
and Skinner
Reporters:
Geographia, Keziah Maize
Guijarno, Esther Faith

2. Objectives:
01 Explain the basic principles of
behaviorism.
02 Make a simple plan applying the
primary laws of learning.
03 Determine how to use rewards in the
learning process more effectively.

3. The theory of behaviorism focuses on
the study of observable and measurable
behavior. It emphasize that behavior is
mostly learned through conditioning and
reinforcement.

4. BEHAVIORISM
Pavlov &
Watsons
Thorndike Skinner
Primary Laws
Law of Effect
Reinforcement
Law of Exercise
Law of Readiness
Shaping of Behavior

7. Do the pictures remind you of
someone?

8. IVAN PAVLOV
- a Russian psychologist
who is well known for
his work in classical
conditioning or stimulus
substitution.

10. Stimulus Generalization

11. EXTINCTION
In psychology, extinction refers to
the gradual weakening of a conditioned
response by breaking the association
between the conditioned and the
unconditioned stimuli.

12. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
It refers to the return of a
conditioned response (in a weaker form)
after a period of time following
extinction.

13. DISCRIMINATION
In classical conditioning, discrimination
is a process through which individuals
learn to differentiate among similar
stimuli and respond appropriately to each
one.

14. HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING
It is when a conditioned stimulus is
paired with a new neutral stimulus to
create a second conditioned stimulus.

15. His connectionism theory
gave us the original S-R
framework of behavioral
psychology. He explained
that learning is a result
of associations forming
between stimuli (S) and
responses (R).
EDWARD LEE THORNDIKE

16. Law of Effect
The law of effect states that
behaviors followed by pleasant or
rewarding consequences are more likely
to be repeated, while behaviors
followed by unpleasant or punishing
consequences are less likely to be
repeated.

17. Law of Exercise
The law of exercise states that
connections are strengthened through
repetition and practice.

18. Law of Readiness
The law of readiness states that
learners must be physically and
mentally prepared for learning to
occur.

19. He was the first American
psychologist to work with
Pavlov's ideas. He too was
initially involved in animal
studies, then later became
involved in human behavior
research..
John B. Watson

20. He considered that humans are born with a
few reflexes and the emotional reactions of
love and rage. All other behavior is learned
through stimulus-response associations
through conditioning.

21. Experiment on Albert

22. Classical Conditioning
The Little Albert experiment presents an
example of how classical conditioning can be
used to condition an emotional response.
Neutral Stimulus: A stimulus that does not
initially elicit a response (the white rat).

23. Unconditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that
elicits a reflexive response (the loud
noise).
Unconditioned Response: A natural
reaction to a given stimulus (fear).
Conditioned Stimulus: A stimulus that
elicits a response after repeatedly being
paired with an unconditioned stimulus (the
white rat).

24. Conditioned Response: The response caused
by the conditioned stimulus (fear).

25. Skinner’s work differs
from that of the three
behaviors before him in
that he studied operant
behavior. Thus, the theory
came to be known as
operant conditioning.
Burrhus Frederick Skinner

26. Operant Conditioning is based upon the
notion that learning is a result of change in
overt behavior. Changes in behavior are
the result of an individual's response to
events (stimuli) that occur in the
environment.

27. Reinforcement is the key element in
Skinner's S-R theory. A reinforcer is
anything that strengthens the desired
response. There is a positive reinforcer
and negative reinforcer.

28. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus
that is given or added to increase the
response.

29. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus
that results in the increased frequency
of a response when it is withdrawn or
removed.

30. A negative reinforcer is different from a
punishment because a punishment is a
consequence intended to result in reduced
responses.

31. Skinner also looked into extinction or non-
reinforcement: responses that are not
reinforced are not likely to be repeated.

32. Shaping of Behavior.

33. Behavioral Chaining comes about when
a series of steps are needed to be
learned.

34. Reinforcement Schedules. Once the
desired behavioral response is
accomplished, reinforcement does not have
to give 100% in fact, it can be maintained
more successfully through what Skinner
referred to as partial reinforcement
schedules.

35. Fixed Interval Schedules. The target
response is reinforced after a fixed
amount of time has passed since the last
reinforcement.
Variable Interval Schedules. This is
similar to fixed interval schedules but the
amount of time that must pass between
reinforcement varies.

36. Fixed ratio Schedules. A fixed number of
correct responses must occur before
reinforcement may recur.
Variable Ratio Schedules. The number
of correct repetitions of the correct
responses for reinforcement varies.

37. REFERENCES
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