This document outlines the key characteristics that define primates as a group. It discusses their hands and feet having opposable thumbs and toes for grasping. Primates also have flexible shoulders and hips, stereoscopic vision from forward-facing eyes, and larger brains relative to other mammals. Other defining traits include an emphasis on vision over smell, lengthened development periods for offspring, and specialized dentition. Primates exhibit increased behavioral complexity and social grouping as well.
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
This document will help you and will clear your concepts about the terms of Orthogenesis, Allometry & Adaptive Radiations, which are usually studied in evolution.
This slide share shares the almost unnoticed part of our profession the wild life: the primates.Its a little attempt to lighten up our mates ' The Primates' hidden behind the shadow of negligence. Sakina Rubab, DVM.
This document will help you and will clear your concepts about the terms of Orthogenesis, Allometry & Adaptive Radiations, which are usually studied in evolution.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Dr. Raymond H. Hamden presented to the UAS community about helping each child achieve their maximum potential by building positive character strengths.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Human evolution
1
Classification of Hominins
Kingdom: Animalia
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidea
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
2
T. Harrison Science 327, 532-534 (2010)
Animalia: depend on intake of living food; do not make their own food
Subphylum: have a bony skeleton with bilateral symmetry
Class: live bearing, mother nurses young, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, sweat glands, 2 sets of teeth with four kinds of teeth
Order: Generalized arboreal; 5 digits, hands and feet capable of grasping; tendency to erect posture with head balanced on spinal column; reliance on vision rather than smell; 3D vision; nails rather than claws; opposable thumb; extensive bony protection of eyes
Suborder: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans; are two other primate suborders (prosimians and tarsiers)
Superfamily: short, flat, broad trunk; vertebral column set within rib cage; dorsal scapula & lateral facing shoulder = full rotation of arms; no external tail; specialized dentition
Family: humans, ancestors, & all great apes
Subfamily: humans, ancestors, chimps, & gorillas
Tribe: humans and ancestors
2
What is a Hominin?
Modern humans
Our ancestors
Other species branching off this lineage
First Hominin debate
5 – 10 mya
Earliest Hominin fossils are:
African, ~7 million years old
Very apelike – mosaic of traits
3
At the end of the Miocene, around 6 mya, a new tribe of primates arose: the Hominins.
This family includes modern humans and our extinct ancestors since the divergence from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
DNA evidence and protein studies suggest that the last common ancestor to the chimpanzee and human lineages evolved at this time, around 6 mya; however, this evidence does not tell us about what these early ancestors would have looked like
Hominins, members of the taxonomic family Homininae, may be distinguished from the apes by the following anatomical traits: (next slide)
3
Identifying Hominins
Key Hominin traits:
Skeletal traits associated with bipedalism
Changes to the face, teeth, and jaws
Expansion of the brain (encephalization)
Tool-making behavior
4
The identification of hominin fossils depends on some key skeletal traits BUT identifications are not certain in all circumstances. (Why is this the case? Well recall our discussion in class regarding the fossil record for primates…). The key traits we look at are:
- bipedalism
-dental traits
-increased cephalisation, or increased brain size
-a reduced face, also known as a reduction in facial prognathism
-and finally a little bit of culture
It is important to realize that many of these traits evolved in a mosaic fashion. Many of the early hominids that we will be discussing today will not show all of these traits but a subset of them. This can cause controversy in classification, as different researchers emphasize th ...
All animals have external structures, or bodily organs on the outside. The majority of animals have a head, a body covering, limbs, and a tail of some kind. These body parts are all essential to an animal's ability to live and reproduce, despite the fact that they may appear differently on different animals.
The limbs of mammals may be modified for a particular movement. They could be taught how to swim, fly, climb, and run. More commonly known as "ricochetal locomotion," saltatory (leaping) movement has been observed in a variety of unrelated species (some marsupials, lagomorphs, and several independent lineages of rodents).
The skin of mammals, like that of other vertebrates, consists of epidermal and dermal layers. It protects against actual injury, microbiological invasion, and UV rays from the sun. skin is also important for temperature regulation, sensory perception excretion, and water regulation.
Hairs are a keratinized derivative of the epidermis of the skin and are uniquely mammalian. It is seated in an invagination of the epidermis called a hair follicle. Two distinct kinds of hair typically compose a pelage, a coat of hair. Long guard hairs protect a dense coat of shorter, insulating under hairs.
Hair must periodically molt because it is made mainly of dead cells. In some mammals (e.g., humans), molting occurs gradually and may not be noticed. Others have rapid hair loss, which could alter the characteristics of their pelage. In the fall, many mammals acquire a thick coat of insulting under hair, and the pelage color may change.
For example, the Arctic fox takes on a white or cream color with its autumn molt, which helps conceal the fox in a snowy environment. with its spring molt, the Arctic fox acquires a gray and yellow pelage
Hairs are also important for the sense of touch. The mechanical displacement of hair stimulates nerve cells associated with the hair root. Guard hairs may sometimes be modified into thick-shifted hairs called vibrissae. Vibrissae occur around the legs, nose, mouth, and eyes of very sensitive to displacement.
Air space in the hair shaft and hair trapped between hairs and the skin provides an effective insulating layer. A band of smooth muscle, called the arrector pili muscle, runs between the hair follicle and lower epidermis. when the muscle contract, the hair stands upright, increasing the amount of air trapped the in the pelage and improving its insulating properties.
Arrector pili muscles are under the control of the autonomic nervous system, which also controls a mammal's "fight-or-flight" response. In threatening situations, the hair stands on end and may give the perception of increased size and strength.
Hair color depend on the number of pigments (melanin) deposited in it and the quantity of air in the hair shaft. The pelage of most mammals is dark above and lighter underneath. This pattern them less conspicuous under most conditions. Some mammals advertised their defenses using aposematic (warning
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. INTRODUCTION
Primates is an order of mammals.
What are characteristics that define mammals?
Constant body temperature
Females give birth to live offspring
Well formed and differentiated teeth
Nutritional efficiency
Multiple developed life stages
Primates include ; PROSIMIANS (apes, monkeys,
hominids(man) ) - and Simians
3. What features define primates?
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES
Hands and feet-
prehensile for power and precision grips. Have
opposable thumbs and big toes to achieve this. Man
doesn’t have opposable big toes .
Fingers and toes show tactile sensitivity with increased
sensory Innervation with dermoglyphs.
Presence of flat nails/fingernails instead of claws
Pentadactylism (with the exception of spider
monkeys)
4. Shoulders and hips- unlike many mammals
primates have particularly flexible shoulders and hip
joints.
Primates possess a clavicle ( unguiculate) this
connects the upperlimb as a strut to the trunk allowing
for greater mobility of the shoulder joint helping them
to have overarm movement ideal for brachiation(
swinging movements).An adaptation to aid in
primates’ primary arboreal life.
Reduced thumb for brachiation for most primates
5. Improved vision:
Which is explained by the arboreal theory and visual
predation theories.
Large eye sockets placed forwards. Overlapping
visual fields(binocular vision). Showing stereoscopic
vision (depth perception) and colour vision.
6. Deemphasis on smell
The olfactory region in the brain and nose sizes( except
lemurs) has been reduced greatly in most species and
the cerebrum expanded to accept the increasing
reliance on sight and social behaviors
This gives primates a lesser prognathic jaw and flatter
face.
7. Primate brain areas involving eye-hand
coordination,stereoscopic vision and manual dexterity
have expanded more. Bigger brains compared to all
other mammals with more folds (gyri and sulci)
8. Lengthening of prenatal and postnatal cycles.
This improves gestational nourishment,there is reduction of
litter with longer periods of learning. This periods are longer
compared with other mammals.
e.g Mouse lemurs -60 days compared to rodent mouse 20 days.
This is for offsprings to be more mature for better survival.
Long natural life spans. Baboons can live for upto 30 years.
Chimpanzees can live for upto 50-75+ years with good medical
care. This is due to the slower metabolic rates associated with
slower rates of growth,aging and reproduction
9. Dental specialization- primates possess various sets
of well formed and differentiated teeth which include
Incisors, Canines, Premolars and molars for diet and
nutritional efficiency . Decreased no. of teeth probably
due to decrease in size of face and jaw.
Primitive mammals dental formula 3.1.4.3 =44 teeth
10. Increased behaviour complexity. Social grouping
Rhythmical sexual cycle
Tendency to have erect bodies.
This trait is visible when in primates sitting and standing
postures. Most species exhibit bipedalism.
