This document summarizes primate evolution from the Paleocene to Miocene epochs. It describes how primates diverged after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the Eocene epoch 55-35 million years ago, there was a radiation of prosimians including adapoids and omomyoids in North America and Europe. By the Oligocene epoch 35-24 million years ago, prosimians had gone extinct everywhere except Africa and Madagascar, and the first anthropoids radiated. During the Miocene epoch 24-5 million years ago, there was a major radiation of hominoids in Africa and Eurasia, including early hominoid genera like Proconsul and Dryopit

1. PRIMATE EVOLUTION

2. The Paleocene Epoch ~65-55 mya 65mya dinosaurs disappear New forest floor niches Primates diverge from some ancestral insectivore Tree shrew model Arboreal vs. visual predation theory

3. ARCHONTA Scadentia, Dermoptera (colugos), Plesiadapiformes Bats are out

4. Eocene Epoch (~55-35 mya) Earliest fossils Majority in North America & Europe but also Asia Prosimian radiation Angiosperm adaptive radiation / P-E thermal maximum

5. Adapoidea More primitive Diurnal Medium-sized arboreal leapers Frugivory with s ome folivory Ancestral to strepsirhines

6. Omomyoidea Nocturnal Smaller Arboreal leapers Insectivore/frugivores and gumnivory Ancestor to tarsiers, possibly anthropoids

7. Prosimians spread into Africa Motor to Madagascar Shangiladida!...until humans migrate

8. Fill variety of niches Bats Woodpeckers

9. Late Eocene / Early Oligocene 10my of tectonic, climatic, floral/faunal change Temperatures drop Primates disappear from NA and Europe High extinctions elsewhere E-O evolutionary bottleneck Few fossils Primarily Fayum

10. Adapoid Omomyoid Tarsier Ancient/other

11. ASIA OR NORTH AFRICA? Siamopithecus Eosimias

12. Eosimias : The Dawn Monkey

13. Prosimians outside Madagascar go extinct, except… WHY?

14. Oligocene Epoch (~35-24 mya) Anthropoid radiation

16. Three families: I. Parapithecidae Most primitive Thought ancestral to NW monkeys II. Oligopithecidae Intermediate III. Propliopithecidae Most derived Generalized anthropoid Ancestral to OW anthropoids

18. Sea level low More exposed land Continental shelves Ridges… Currents Computer modeling - weeks NEW WORLD MONKEYS

19. Small, squirrel-sized, leaping arboreal quadruped Apidium 2-1-3-3 dental formula

20. Precede appearance in New World by 10mya Rodents in NW appear around same time and resemble African porcupine

21. Few fossils

22. Many have not changed much

23. OW Anthropoid Phylogeny

24. Aegyptopithecus / Propliopithecus Note: no tail

26. OW monkeys likely diverged late Oligocene Adaptive radiation continues

28. During early period, apes successful and radiation of OW monkeys was slow Begin to flourish after apes begin to decline More generalized/successful Derived terrestriality Shorter life stages Not as tied to forest so survive when apes die out in late Miocene May have contributed to ape decline

29. Miocene Epoch (~24-5 mya) Hominoid Radiation

30. Evolve in Africa Spread into Eurasia via land bridge ~16mya

31. Large geographic range relative to modern

33. Warmer than Oligocene But seasons more pronounced Increasing aridification Rain shadow Forests change Hominoids fill niches

34. Early Miocene (24-16mya) African Hominoids Fossils primarily from Kenya and Uganda Multiple genera

35. Different habitats Tropical to more open woodland Different sizes (3-50kg) Some arboreal some derived terrestrial adaptations for exploiting forest floor (like Pan & Gorilla ) Different locomotor patterns Different morphology Some SHA Different diets Thick enamel – hard foods Thin enamel – softer foods

36. Best known Our ancestry Arboreal climbers No SHA Primarily frugivores Sexually dimorphic ~chimps Polygynous Kenyapithecus or Afropithecus ? Proconsul

37. HAND/FOREARM OF P. HESELONI LOWER LEG P.HESELONI, PAN , and P. NYANZAE Links to modern hominoids (long bones, no tail) but so primitive, difficult to trace ancestry through any of these early apes. Proconsul

38. 70-150# Arboreal quadruped Lacking SHA

39. Gigantopithecus (Size of ♀ gorilla?)

40. Ancestry of Hylobatidae uncertain possibly diverged 16-18mya

41. Mid-Miocene (16-11) Rapid radiation in Eurasia Dryopithecus

42. Dental (Oak) apes Few fossils Jaws and teeth France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Austria

43. LATE MIOCENE (11-5mya) Greatest diversity of hominoids Europe: Dryopithecus , Oreopithecus , Oaranopithecus Asia: Ankarapithecus (Turkey), Sivapithecus (Pakistan), Lufengpithecus (China) Africa: Otavipithecus (Namibia)

44. NEWSFLASH!!! Nakalipithecus nakayamai Kenya ~10mya Possible missing link