Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Animal behaviour includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. It is defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus.
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
Two broad categories of behaviors are Proximate and Ultimate behaviour. The presentation gives a brief introduction on Proximate and Ultimate causes of behaviour
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Social behavior in animals is a set of interactions between individuals of the same species. Social behavior can be aggressive, mutualistic, cooperative, altruistic, or parental.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
Do you think that knowing about aggression between groups of chimpan.pdfmohamednihalshahru
Do you think that knowing about aggression between groups of chimpanzees is useful in
understanding conflicts between human societies? Why or why not?
Solution
In many primates where the range is small , contact with one or more groups of the same species
is a very common feature. However the nature of these encounters varies from species to species.
Primate groups remain permanently in a specific locality which is described as there home range.
Members of the same group exist in this range however it is not necessary that the individuals of
the group should remain in the same range but may change over to other ranges and join a new
community.
This home range consists of a central core area with highest concentration of the predictable
resources and represent the region where the group is more likely to be found.It also represents
the territory of the group which is defended against intrusion. There may be overlapping of the
home range between the groups but not the core area.
Territoriality is a behavior exhibited by many primates to protect their home range. This is seen
extensively where the home ranges are small and permits patrolling and protection of the
territory.
Biological continuum refers to the fact that the organisms are related through common ancestry
and the behavioral traits seen in one organisms are seen in others also but in varying degrees.
The man is considered to be a highly evolved social organism with a huge brain and thinking
capacity. He is more related to chimpanzees and the main difference between us and the other
primates is that the difference in behavior is merely quantitative and not qualitative.
Interactions between groups of chimpanzees include aggression, display chasing and sometimes
violent fighters also. Male chimpanzees are highly intolerable to unfamiliar chimpanzees,
specially males and aggressively defend their territories and resources.
Lethal aggression is a common feature among the chimpanzees. It is common in groups of male
chimpanzees which do patrolling around their territory. Sometimes they are also accompanied by
one or two females. During this patrolling, they exhibit silent movement, stop frequently, sniff
around and climb tall trees and sit on them for hours together to survey the area. They appear to
be tense during such situations and any sudden sound causes them to exhibit nervous behavior
like touching each other for reassurance or embrace each other.
When they encounter members of another community, They exhibit some form of aggression till
the other group retreats. Chimpanzees are also known to exhibit cruelty, and aggression
combined with compassion, tenderness and altruism which is comparable to human behavior, but
the main difference is that chimpanzees are not aware of the suffering they inflict on others while
humans do. Thus, the behavior of chimpanzees can be more related to human behavior, but the
difference lies in quantitative than qualitative.
Ecological interactions chapter 3 class 11thUrfan Ali
INTRODUCTION
Ecological relationships describe the interactions between and among organisms within their environment. These interactions may have positive, negative, or neutral effects on either species' ability to survive and reproduce, or "fitness." By classifying these effects, ecologists have derived five major types of species interactions:
Predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism and amensalism.
Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form lichens. The photosynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients and gains protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare cases, mutualistic partners cheat. Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and miss contact with the reproductive structures.
Both species involved in the interaction are benefited. These interactions take place in three patterns:
Facultative mutualism – Species survive on their own under favorable conditions
Obligate mutualism – One species is dependent for survival on the other
Diffusive mutualism – One entity can live with multiple partners
These relationships have three purposes:
Defensive mutualism
Trophic mutualism
Dispersive mutualism
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
Social organization & Social behavior in animals
1. Social Organisation & Social
Behaviour
DR. DIP JYOTI HALOI
ASSTT. PROF, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
HANDIQUE GIRLS’ COLLEGE
GUWAHATI
2. Social organisation
Many animals live in social groups and have behaviours that
are adapted to group living, such as social hierarchy or
cooperative hunting and defence.
Social organisation of a group of animal depends on the total
no of individuals, their age, sex, sex ratio, no of adult males.
These in turn depends on the factors like abundance,
availability & dispersion of food, predation pressure, type of
habitat & mating strategies.
3. Basis of social life:
The basis of social life is the interaction of individual
members who exchange food, water, body care and sexual
favours.
According to Tinbergen – Any interaction between one
individual of a species with another member of the same
species is known as social behavior.
These include- all those behaviors that influence or are
influenced by other members of same species.
4. A true society will involve more than one mated pair i,e.,
adults, sub-adults, juveniles, infants of different age-sex
classes. It will mean a stable group whose members inter –
communicate extensively and bear some relatively
permanent relationship to one another.
5. Characteristics of social groups(Wilson & Brown,1975)
Members of the same group of animals come together & stay
together in a group.
Social behavior depends in part on the “ Length of time or
part of life cycle that the group remain together”. That means
energy actually spent by animals in social behavior.
“Reciprocal communication” is a mechanism for attracting
and keeping members of a group together. Communication
may be auditory, visual, chemical or tactile.
6. Division of labour is very prominent.
Overlapping of generations.
Altruistic or Aid giving behavior where there is a
cost to the altruistic animal.
7. Properties of organized animal societies
(Eisenberg,1965)
• Communication: Posture, gesture, colour change,
raise hair, scent marking, vocalization, touch etc.
• Cohesion: Bee society, herd of deer, pride of linos,
peck of wolves, troop of baboon, group of
monkeys. ADM leads the group, ADM remain closer
to females, ASM takes dangerous positions.
8. Division of labour: Different age groups/sexes take
diffferent positions. In baboon troops YAM serves
always as front/rear guard. To face danger ASM
leave the center come to front followed by ADM.
Permanence & impermeability: In most mammals
the core of the society is formed by the females who
are related to each other, the males come & go. The
membership among female is permanent. Many
societies resist immigration by outsiders.
9. Individual social interactions:
• Communication
• Courtship mating
• Parental care
• Aggressive interactions
• Territoriality
• Physical proximity
• Grooming
10. Advantages of being social:
Antipredation: Improved detection of predators with more eyes &
ears. There is an increased cahnce that one or more membres will
detect the predator before the others & will warn the rest of the
group.
Dilution effect: Larger the group, lower is the probability that a single
individual will be the target of a population.
Guard Behaviuor: One or few animals assume the role of watching for
the entire groups, thus freeing the others from the job of vigilance.
Mutual vigilence: Social animals living in same habitat respond to the
alarm calls given by members of other species. E.g Baboons,, Zebras,
gazelles.
11. Mobbing running away or fleeing is being the most
commonly used antipredatory strategy among animals.
Feeding efficiency & information sharing: It is easier for a group
of animals to catch a prey instead of catching it alone or cooperative
foraging is beneficial. It improves foraging capacity & foraging time.
Co-operation improves the ability of carnivores to protect carcasses
from scavengers. A single lion is unable to prevent a peck of hyenas or
wild dogs from stealing a carcass, but two or more lions can.
Facilitation of reproduction: Group living improves reproductive
success. In solitary animals like Rhino, orangutang it is difficult for them
to find a mate or they will have to caver large areas in forest, spend
time & energy to find a suitable mate. But for animals living in groups
finding mate becomes very easier since they live in close proximity.
