The document is a lecture on citation and referencing delivered by Dr. Nirmal Kumar Swain to M.Phil. students at the University of Delhi. It covers definitions, purposes, and types of citations, alongside the importance of giving credit and how to construct reference lists and bibliographies. Various citation styles, such as MLA and APA, are discussed, emphasizing the need for uniformity and adherence to academic guidelines.

1. Lecture Delivered
to Research Students (M. Phil)
Dept of Political Science
University of Delhi, Delhi – 110007
December 14, 2015
By
Dr. Nirmal Kumar Swain
Associate Professor
Dept of Lib & Inf. Science
Maharshi Dayanand University
Rohtak – 124001 (Haryana)
Ph: 01262-393017 (O)
M: 9416516771
E-Mail: drnkswain@gmail.com

2. citation
 What is reference or citation
 Why to refer or cite
 How to refer or cite

3. What is a reference or citation?
A way of giving credit for someone's
thinking, writing or research
 You mark the material when you use
it (a citation) and give the full
identification at the end (a reference)
 In academic writing you are obliged
to attribute every piece of material
you use to its author
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4. why to refer or cite
 Credit sources of information & ideas
 Reader can locate for further information if
required
 Validate arguments
 Increase and spread knowledge
 Show depth, breadth & quality of your
reading!
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5. when to cite
 Direct quotes
 Statistics/Studies
 Theories
 Facts
 Interpretations
 Paraphrases
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6. in-text citation / quotation
 The conspiratorial tone of the
prologue is no better expressed than
in the final line, “Not a man but
ourselves had the least suspicion of
her true mission, and she is well on
her way now.” (Stevens, 2003, p. 2).
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7. in-text citation / paraphrase
 The beautifully refitted and well
equipped ship carried supplies for two
years at sea whaling in the Atlantic
(Stevens, 2003).
 We all perceive the world around us
in ways that are often unique to us
through a series of personal filters and
we 'construct' our own versions of
reality (Kelly 1955).
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8. Reference list
 Reference is the list of sources cited
or from which actual quote is taken ,
lent or borrowed in text.
otherwise written
 Reference
 Works cited
 Notes and reference
 Notes
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9. Bibliography
 List of related sources on a particular
subject
 The difference between ‘reference’ &
‘bibliography’ is in reference the actual
sources from which the matter is
borrowed are listed but in bibliography
the related literature on a particular
subject in listed.
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10. Style & Style Manual
 Style refers to all the activities in
citation process.
 Style manual is a the rule book
contains all the rules involved in
citation activities but in uniform way.
 There could be many style manuals.
One can create his/her uniform rule or
style manual.
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11. Style Manuals
 Chicago Manual (supposedly grand
old ) but less in use these days
 MLA (Modern Language Association)
Style mostly recommended for
humanities, literature, philosophy,
theology etc
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12. Cont …
APA ( American Psychological
association) recommended for social
sciences, including psychology,
history, political science, library and
information science, economics,
sociology
HARVARD STYLE is also used for
social sciences but popular magazines
prefer this.
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13. Commonness and differences
All the style manuals follow TWO types of
format in In-Text citation
 Parenthetic
 Superscription format in 1, 2, 3…
-------------------------------------------
 In reference the list is organized
alphabetically
 the list is organized in sequence
matching with in-text with numbering 1, 2
, 3 …
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14. Style following
 Style following begins with university
instruction
 Research supervisor’s
recommendation
 Own preferences but with uniform
style
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15. cont…
 If freedom is given then follow
internationally acclaimed style, if
social science or political science then
APA Style.
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16. THANK YOU
See you sometime at some place.
Bye for now
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