Hepatic Failure.pptx
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Liver failure occurs when the liver is severely damaged and cannot function properly. There are several types defined by how quickly liver function deteriorates. Causes include hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and acetaminophen overdose. Symptoms range from nausea and fatigue to jaundice and confusion. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, biopsies and imaging scans. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications to reverse toxins, procedures to reduce brain swelling, screening for infections, blood transfusions, and liver transplantation in severe cases.
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Hepatic failure
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, vascular issues, or metabolic diseases. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury in someone without pre-existing liver disease. It requires emergency treatment and may necessitate a liver transplant if liver function cannot be reversed. Management involves supportive care, medications to treat complications, and sometimes a liver transplant.
Cirrhosis of liver
This document provides an overview of cirrhosis of the liver, including defining it as chronic scarring of the liver from long-term injury commonly caused by alcohol abuse. It discusses the pathophysiology where scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue, blocking blood flow and disturbing function. Types of cirrhosis and their causes are identified. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions are described to educate nursing students on cirrhosis of the liver.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the deadly complication of liver diseases, occurs due to profound liver failure and from accumulation of ammonia and other toxic metabolites in blood.
Hepatic coma is advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy.
Cirrhosis of Liver
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
L19 hepatic failure
This document discusses hepatic failure and its causes, types, symptoms, and complications. Hepatic failure occurs when the liver loses over 80-90% of its function and can no longer perform vital metabolic and synthetic functions. It is usually the end result of either chronic liver damage over time (chronic hepatic failure) or sudden massive liver damage (acute hepatic failure). Common causes include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis. Complications include hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Symptoms range from nausea and fatigue to jaundice, mental confusion, and coma.
renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Gastritis
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Liver cirrhosis
This document discusses liver cirrhosis, including its types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, nursing diagnoses, and interventions. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, degenerative disease characterized by replacement of normal liver tissue with fibrosis that disrupts liver structure and function. Common types are alcoholic cirrhosis and postnecrotic cirrhosis resulting from viral hepatitis. Complications include ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and esophageal varices, which can lead to life-threatening bleeding if ruptured. Nursing care focuses on reducing metabolic demands, providing adequate nutrition and hydration, preventing infection, and protecting patients from injury and further complications.
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Hepatic failure
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, vascular issues, or metabolic diseases. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury in someone without pre-existing liver disease. It requires emergency treatment and may necessitate a liver transplant if liver function cannot be reversed. Management involves supportive care, medications to treat complications, and sometimes a liver transplant.
Cirrhosis of liver
This document provides an overview of cirrhosis of the liver, including defining it as chronic scarring of the liver from long-term injury commonly caused by alcohol abuse. It discusses the pathophysiology where scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue, blocking blood flow and disturbing function. Types of cirrhosis and their causes are identified. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions are described to educate nursing students on cirrhosis of the liver.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the deadly complication of liver diseases, occurs due to profound liver failure and from accumulation of ammonia and other toxic metabolites in blood.
Hepatic coma is advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy.
Cirrhosis of Liver
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
L19 hepatic failure
This document discusses hepatic failure and its causes, types, symptoms, and complications. Hepatic failure occurs when the liver loses over 80-90% of its function and can no longer perform vital metabolic and synthetic functions. It is usually the end result of either chronic liver damage over time (chronic hepatic failure) or sudden massive liver damage (acute hepatic failure). Common causes include viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis. Complications include hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Symptoms range from nausea and fatigue to jaundice, mental confusion, and coma.
renal failure
1. Acute renal failure (ARF) is an acute, potentially reversible condition where the kidneys fail to maintain homeostasis. Causes include prerenal factors like shock, congestive heart failure, or intrarenal injury from toxins. Symptoms range from nonspecific like fever to specific kidney issues like electrolyte imbalances. Treatment focuses on fluid management, electrolyte replacement, and potentially dialysis.
2. Chronic renal failure is a permanent loss of kidney function that progresses to end stage renal disease. It is usually caused by congenital anomalies or acquired glomerular diseases. Symptoms emerge late and include fatigue, nausea, and cardiac/bone issues. Treatment manages complications and slows progression with a low protein
Gastritis
Image result for gastritis
Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Liver cirrhosis
This document discusses liver cirrhosis, including its types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, nursing diagnoses, and interventions. Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, degenerative disease characterized by replacement of normal liver tissue with fibrosis that disrupts liver structure and function. Common types are alcoholic cirrhosis and postnecrotic cirrhosis resulting from viral hepatitis. Complications include ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and esophageal varices, which can lead to life-threatening bleeding if ruptured. Nursing care focuses on reducing metabolic demands, providing adequate nutrition and hydration, preventing infection, and protecting patients from injury and further complications.
Bph
The prostate gland is located below the bladder in males and produces fluid for semen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition where the prostate enlarges with age, compressing the urethra and impairing urinary flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, heat therapies, and surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate, which uses an electric knife to remove excess prostate tissue through the urethra.
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
Pleural effusion
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Liver abscess
There are three major forms of liver abscess classified by etiology: pyogenic liver abscess which accounts for 80% of cases, amoebic liver abscess due to E. histolytica accounting for 10% of cases, and fungal abscess accounting for less than 10% of cases. Risk factors include traveling to infection-common areas, older age, medical conditions, medications, alcohol, and poor nutrition. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cough, fatigue, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and procedures to drain fluid from the liver. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or
Glomerulonephritis
This document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis (GN), including its definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and nursing care. GN involves inflammation or damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. It discusses the anatomy of the nephron and causes of GN, including infections and immune or genetic factors. Types of GN include acute and chronic forms. Treatment depends on severity and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis. Complications can include renal failure, hypertension, and fluid overload. Nursing care focuses on pain management, fluid balance, breathing exercises, and patient education.
Live abscess
This document discusses liver abscesses, including types (pyogenic, amoebic, fungal), causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. Pyogenic liver abscess is most common, often caused by bacteria spreading from infections in other organs. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by a parasite and presents with thick pus. Imaging tests can identify abscesses, which are usually treated with antibiotics; drainage may be needed for large abscesses. With treatment, prognosis is generally good especially for amoebic liver abscess.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
1. The pancreas is an elongated organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It has three parts - head, body, and tail.
2. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine functions include producing pancreatic juice containing enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Endocrine functions include production of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by islets of Langerhans cells.
3. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and its causes include gallstones and alcohol use. Chronic pancreatitis involves long-term inflammation that destroys the pancreas over
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood. It can be caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys like dehydration, blood loss from major surgery or burns, or kidney problems preventing proper filtration. Symptoms include reduced urination, swelling, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, electrolytes, nutrition, and preventing complications like infection that can further stress the kidneys.
Hiatal hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm and into the chest cavity. There are two main types - a sliding hernia, where the stomach slides up during increased abdominal pressure and back down when pressure is relieved, and a paraesophageal hernia where part of the stomach remains stuck in the chest. Tests like chest x-rays, barium swallows, and endoscopy can diagnose hiatal hernias. Treatment may involve antacids, proton pump inhibitors, or surgery to repair the diaphragm if symptoms are severe.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Liver cirrhosis ppt
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease of the liver characterized by diffused damage to liver cells with fibrosis and nodular regeneration. It is caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions like hepatitis and chronic alcohol abuse. This leads to scarring of the liver and loss of liver function. Common complications of cirrhosis include ascites, bruising/bleeding, jaundice, and portal hypertension which can lead to esophageal or gastric varices. Management involves promoting rest, improving nutrition, preventing infection, and treating complications medically or through procedures like TIPS or liver transplantation.
Myeloma
Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that develops in the bone marrow. It causes abnormalities in plasma cells which invade and destroy bone tissue, causing pain, fractures, and other symptoms. Risk factors include genetic abnormalities and exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain infections. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging to detect myeloma cells and bone damage. While rarely curable, myeloma is treatable through chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, and surgery to strengthen weakened bones. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient, providing psychological support, preventing infections, and educating the patient and family.
Peptic ulcer ppt
This document provides information about peptic ulcers, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers occur when the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus is corroded by acidic digestive juices. Common causes are infection with H. pylori bacteria and long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the ulcer but can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood, breath, stool, or biopsy tests to detect H. pylori. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent complications and recurrence. It involves use of medications to reduce acid secretion such as PPIs, H
Intestinal obstruction, BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, preventing normal movement of its contents. It can be caused by mechanical blockages such as tumors or hernias, or functional issues like neuromuscular problems. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension and constipation. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, pain management, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are important to prevent complications like perforation and sepsis.
Peptic ulcer (AHN)
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum when the protective mucus layer is damaged, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the lining. The primary cause is infection by H. pylori bacteria, though smoking, caffeine, alcohol, stress, and NSAIDs can also contribute. Common symptoms include belching, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves endoscopy or blood tests. Treatment includes medications to reduce acid production, antibiotics to treat H. pylori, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care focuses on medication administration, diet, rest, monitoring for complications, education, and stress
Cirrhosis of liver
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Cholecystitis ppt
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia. It is caused by decreased renal blood flow or systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. As renal function declines, patients experience electrolyte imbalances, anemia, fluid overload, and the buildup of waste products. Treatment focuses on managing complications through dialysis, medications, and dietary restrictions to control electrolytes, blood pressure, anemia, and bone disease. The ultimate treatment is renal transplantation to restore kidney function.
Lung tumor
A lung tumor is an abnormal rate of cell division or cell death in lung tissue or in the airways that lead to the lungs.
Fulminant hepatic failure.ppt
This document discusses fulminant hepatic failure (FHF), including defining FHF, listing its causes, identifying its pathophysiology, diagnostic tests, medical management, complications, and nursing care plan. FHF is defined as severe acute liver injury with impaired function and encephalopathy in someone who previously had a normal liver. Its causes include acetaminophen, various viral hepatitises, and other drugs/conditions. Management involves treating precipitating factors, managing complications, and considering liver transplantation.
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Bph
The prostate gland is located below the bladder in males and produces fluid for semen. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common condition where the prostate enlarges with age, compressing the urethra and impairing urinary flow. Symptoms include frequent urination and weak urine stream. Treatment options include medications to shrink the prostate, heat therapies, and surgeries like transurethral resection of the prostate, which uses an electric knife to remove excess prostate tissue through the urethra.
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
Pleural effusion
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
Liver abscess
There are three major forms of liver abscess classified by etiology: pyogenic liver abscess which accounts for 80% of cases, amoebic liver abscess due to E. histolytica accounting for 10% of cases, and fungal abscess accounting for less than 10% of cases. Risk factors include traveling to infection-common areas, older age, medical conditions, medications, alcohol, and poor nutrition. Symptoms include abdominal pain, cough, fatigue, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging, and procedures to drain fluid from the liver. Treatment depends on the cause but may include medications, needle aspiration, catheter drainage, or
Glomerulonephritis
This document provides an overview of glomerulonephritis (GN), including its definition, types, causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and nursing care. GN involves inflammation or damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. It discusses the anatomy of the nephron and causes of GN, including infections and immune or genetic factors. Types of GN include acute and chronic forms. Treatment depends on severity and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and dialysis. Complications can include renal failure, hypertension, and fluid overload. Nursing care focuses on pain management, fluid balance, breathing exercises, and patient education.
Live abscess
This document discusses liver abscesses, including types (pyogenic, amoebic, fungal), causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment. Pyogenic liver abscess is most common, often caused by bacteria spreading from infections in other organs. Amoebic liver abscess is caused by a parasite and presents with thick pus. Imaging tests can identify abscesses, which are usually treated with antibiotics; drainage may be needed for large abscesses. With treatment, prognosis is generally good especially for amoebic liver abscess.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
1. The pancreas is an elongated organ located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It has three parts - head, body, and tail.
2. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine functions include producing pancreatic juice containing enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Endocrine functions include production of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin by islets of Langerhans cells.
3. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis symptoms include severe abdominal pain and its causes include gallstones and alcohol use. Chronic pancreatitis involves long-term inflammation that destroys the pancreas over
Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure is a sudden reduction in kidney function that results in waste accumulating in the blood. It can be caused by problems affecting blood flow to the kidneys like dehydration, blood loss from major surgery or burns, or kidney problems preventing proper filtration. Symptoms include reduced urination, swelling, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, electrolytes, nutrition, and preventing complications like infection that can further stress the kidneys.
Hiatal hernia
A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach pushes through an opening in the diaphragm and into the chest cavity. There are two main types - a sliding hernia, where the stomach slides up during increased abdominal pressure and back down when pressure is relieved, and a paraesophageal hernia where part of the stomach remains stuck in the chest. Tests like chest x-rays, barium swallows, and endoscopy can diagnose hiatal hernias. Treatment may involve antacids, proton pump inhibitors, or surgery to repair the diaphragm if symptoms are severe.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Liver cirrhosis ppt
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease of the liver characterized by diffused damage to liver cells with fibrosis and nodular regeneration. It is caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions like hepatitis and chronic alcohol abuse. This leads to scarring of the liver and loss of liver function. Common complications of cirrhosis include ascites, bruising/bleeding, jaundice, and portal hypertension which can lead to esophageal or gastric varices. Management involves promoting rest, improving nutrition, preventing infection, and treating complications medically or through procedures like TIPS or liver transplantation.
Myeloma
Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that develops in the bone marrow. It causes abnormalities in plasma cells which invade and destroy bone tissue, causing pain, fractures, and other symptoms. Risk factors include genetic abnormalities and exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain infections. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging to detect myeloma cells and bone damage. While rarely curable, myeloma is treatable through chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, and surgery to strengthen weakened bones. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient, providing psychological support, preventing infections, and educating the patient and family.
Peptic ulcer ppt
This document provides information about peptic ulcers, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers occur when the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus is corroded by acidic digestive juices. Common causes are infection with H. pylori bacteria and long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the ulcer but can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood, breath, stool, or biopsy tests to detect H. pylori. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent complications and recurrence. It involves use of medications to reduce acid secretion such as PPIs, H
Intestinal obstruction, BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Intestinal obstruction occurs when the intestine is blocked, preventing normal movement of its contents. It can be caused by mechanical blockages such as tumors or hernias, or functional issues like neuromuscular problems. Symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, distension and constipation. Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, antibiotics, pain management, and sometimes surgery to remove the obstruction. Proper diagnosis and timely treatment are important to prevent complications like perforation and sepsis.
Peptic ulcer (AHN)
This document discusses peptic ulcers, including their definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Peptic ulcers form in the stomach or duodenum when the protective mucus layer is damaged, allowing acid and pepsin to erode the lining. The primary cause is infection by H. pylori bacteria, though smoking, caffeine, alcohol, stress, and NSAIDs can also contribute. Common symptoms include belching, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves endoscopy or blood tests. Treatment includes medications to reduce acid production, antibiotics to treat H. pylori, and sometimes surgery. Nursing care focuses on medication administration, diet, rest, monitoring for complications, education, and stress
Cirrhosis of liver
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
Cholecystitis ppt
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Empyema
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure (CRF) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible deterioration of renal function that results in uremia. It is caused by decreased renal blood flow or systemic diseases like diabetes and hypertension. As renal function declines, patients experience electrolyte imbalances, anemia, fluid overload, and the buildup of waste products. Treatment focuses on managing complications through dialysis, medications, and dietary restrictions to control electrolytes, blood pressure, anemia, and bone disease. The ultimate treatment is renal transplantation to restore kidney function.
Lung tumor
A lung tumor is an abnormal rate of cell division or cell death in lung tissue or in the airways that lead to the lungs.
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Gastroenterology icu management protocol
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This document discusses acute liver failure in children. It defines acute liver failure as biochemical evidence of acute liver injury lasting less than 8 weeks with no evidence of chronic liver disease and a coagulopathy. The causes in neonates and young infants include infections, metabolic diseases, and other etiologies. In older children, the causes include infections, immune mediated diseases, metabolic diseases, vascular diseases, and drug induced liver disease. Management involves supportive care, specific treatments based on etiology, and potentially liver transplantation. The prognosis depends on the severity and underlying cause of liver failure.
Acute liver failure
Acute liver failure can result from massive hepatocyte necrosis or severe impairment. It is defined by liver injury of less than 8 weeks, no chronic liver disease, and coagulopathy. Causes in children include viral infections, autoimmune disease, metabolic disorders, drugs, and unknown origins. Symptoms range from jaundice and coagulopathy to hepatic encephalopathy. Management involves supportive care, treating the underlying cause, and consideration of liver transplantation for severe cases. Prognosis depends on the cause and stage of encephalopathy, with survival rates varying from over 90% for acetaminophen overdose to less than 15% for subacute cases.
liver failure ppt.pdf
Acute liver failure is defined as severe liver injury with hepatic encephalopathy and coagulopathy in a patient without pre-existing liver disease. It can be caused by acetaminophen overdose, viral hepatitis, drugs, toxins, and other etiologies. Patients present with jaundice, encephalopathy, and coagulopathy. Treatment involves supportive care in the ICU, lactulose, antibiotics, and consideration of liver transplantation for eligible patients. Complications include cerebral edema, bleeding, hypoglycemia, and multi-organ failure.
Hepatic failure
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, or other metabolic issues. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury over days or weeks in someone without pre-existing liver disease. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, medications to reduce intracranial pressure and manage complications, and liver transplantation may be required in severe cases.
Acute renal failure
This document discusses acute renal failure (ARF) in children. It defines ARF as the sudden deterioration of renal function resulting in the inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. The document covers the epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, complications, management, prognosis and prevention of ARF. It discusses the management of specific complications like hyperkalemia. The document also provides information on ARF in newborns and indications for renal transplantation.
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This case presentation summarizes the hospital admission of a 35-year-old male diagnosed with Grade II alcoholic liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy. He presented with fever, swelling of the feet and knees, loss of appetite, and sleep issues. His medical history revealed chronic alcohol use and tobacco chewing. On examination, he exhibited pallor, edema, and jaundice. Laboratory tests showed elevated liver enzymes. He was diagnosed with Grade II alcoholic liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy based on his symptoms, risk factors, and diagnostic tests. He was treated medically and counseled on lifestyle modifications and medication adherence.
liver cirrhosis - abdominal distension
A 45-year-old alcoholic man was admitted to the hospital with drowsiness, confusion, and inability to answer questions over the past 48 hours. On examination, he was found to be pale, jaundiced, febrile, and had abdominal swelling. Tests showed ascitic fluid in the abdomen. Despite treatment including antibiotics, his condition deteriorated and he died of sepsis and multiple organ failure 6 days after admission. The most likely diagnosis is alcoholic liver cirrhosis with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis based on the history of alcoholism and clinical features of liver failure including ascites.
Hepatic insufficiency KSMU
This document summarizes hepatic insufficiency and liver failure. It defines acute liver failure as the rapid development of liver dysfunction leading to coagulopathy and encephalopathy in a patient without known liver disease. Acute liver failure can be categorized as fulminant (encephalopathy within 8 weeks) or subfulminant (encephalopathy after 8 weeks but before 26 weeks). Chronic liver failure usually occurs in the context of cirrhosis due to various causes such as hepatitis, alcohol, or autoimmune disease. Complications of liver failure include cerebral edema, bleeding disorders, infections, and kidney failure. Treatment options include medications to reverse toxicity, liver transplantation, treatments for complications, and screening for infections.
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Liver Cyst.pptx
Liver cysts are sac-like structures found in the liver that can vary in size from 2mm to 20cm. Most liver cysts are asymptomatic but some people may experience abdominal pain, swelling, or discomfort if the cyst is larger than 7cm. Liver cysts are usually detected incidentally during tests done for other health issues and are often confirmed by imaging tests like CT scans or ultrasounds. While small, asymptomatic cysts may not require treatment, antibiotics may be used if a cyst becomes infected or surgical removal may be needed for large cysts causing symptoms or complications.
liver abcsess.pptx
A liver abscess is a collection of pus in the liver that can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites. It develops when infectious organisms destroy hepatic tissue, creating a cavity filled with pus, dead and infected cells, and leukocytes. Common causes include bacterial infections from the biliary tract or GI tract, as well as amoebic parasites. Symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, fever, nausea and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment depends on the identified cause but generally involves antibiotics, drainage procedures, or surgery.
placement orientation program for anm & gnm final yearstudents.pptx
This slides will helps the final year ANM & GNM students to find good job and gain skills for better job placements.
ANM & GNM students can get to know that what all are the job opportunities they are having after completion of their course and how they can search the job.
In this slide all the required documents and personal branding with resume has been explained.
Comfort devices.pptx
comfort devices which is very useful for patient care in their comfort and prevent discomfort in clinical area.
Every person have right to put themselves in comfort, when patient is in clinical are its complete responsibility of nurses to find out the suitable comfort devices for patient based on patients priority.
So in this slide, verities of comfort devices and their uses have been discussed.
Peptic ulcer disease
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop on the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or upper small intestine. The most common causes are Helicobacter pylori bacteria and NSAID use. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the ulcer but can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bleeding. Diagnosis involves endoscopy or imaging tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, acid-reducers, or surgery if complications occur. Surgical procedures aim to reduce acid production or allow drainage around the ulcer.
Respiratory failure
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to oxygenate blood and eliminate carbon dioxide. It is defined by hypoxemia (PaO2 <60 mm Hg) or hypercapnia (PaCO2 >50 mm Hg) on arterial blood gas analysis. Respiratory failure is a common cause of death worldwide and a frequent problem in intensive care units. It can be acute or chronic and classified by blood gas levels, site of failure in the respiratory system, or onset. Causes include airway obstruction, lung disease, pulmonary vascular conditions, chest wall issues, and neuromuscular disorders. Treatment involves oxygen therapy, ventilation, secretion clearance, nutrition, and managing the underlying cause.
Congestive heart failure
This document presents information on congestive heart failure. It begins with definitions of congestive heart failure and heart failure, noting that heart failure means the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. Statistics are provided on the incidence of congestive heart failure in the US, including that 800,000 patients are hospitalized annually and 250,000 die each year. The document discusses classifications, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, pharmacological and surgical treatments, diet management, and nursing care for patients with congestive heart failure.
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Hepatic Failure.pptx
- 1. By Kanchan Devi Assistant Professor SCPM college of nursing Gonda
- 2. Liver failure is an uncommon condition in which rapid deterioration of liver function results in coagulopathy and alteration in the mental status( encephalopathy). Liver failure indicates that liver has sustained injury Introduction
- 3. FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE - Encephalopathy starts within 8 weeks ACUTE LIVER FAILURE -(ALF) is a rare condition characterized by the abrupt onset of severe liver injury. LATE ONSET HEPATIC FAILURE – subacute FHF CHRONIC DECOMPENSATED HEPATIC FAILURE – over six month latent period TYPES OF LIVER FAILURE
- 4. Large part of liver damaged beyond repair and liver no longer able to work Hepatitis B, C Long term alcohol consumption Cirrhosis of liver Malnutrition Acetaminophen Ingestion of poison Hepatocellular carcinoma Causes and risk factor
- 5.
- 6. Early symptoms Nausea Loss of appetite Fatigue Diarrhea Urgent treatment Jaundice Bleeding easily Swollen abdomen Mental disorientation or confusion (known as hepatic encephalopathy) Sleepiness Coma Clinical manifestation
- 7. Blood test Liver tissue biopsy Doppler ultrasound CT scan MRI Electroencephalography Diagnostic Evaluation
- 8. Acute liver failure treatments may include: 1. Medications to reverse poisoning: Liver failure caused by acetaminophen overdose mushroom poisoning is treated with drugs that can reverse the effects of the toxin. Antidotes such as penicillin G, activated charcoal, N-acetylcysteine neutralize toxic agents and neutralize or counteract any form of poisoning. Hemodialysis can be used to remove toxins from the body. Management
- 9. 2. Relieving excess fluid in the brain: Cerebral edema caused by liver failure can increase pressure on brain. Osmnotic diuretics such as mannitol can help reduce the fluid buildup in brain. Administration of intravenous mannitol (in a bolus dose of 0.5-1 g/kg or 50-100 g) is recommended to treat cerebral edema in liver failure Cont….
- 10. 3. Screening for infections: periodic samples of blood and urine to be tested for signs of infection. If suspects an infection, patient receives antibiotic medications to treat the infection 4. If patient lost lots of blood than blood transfusion needed Cont….
- 11. Liver transplant Replace damage liver with healthy liver Surgical management
- 12. Thank you