The circulatory system document describes the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels. It notes that the heart has 4 chambers, is located in the chest cavity and has 3 layers (epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium). It describes the pathway of blood flow through the heart and lungs via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. It also summarizes the conduction system that regulates heart rate and the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. Finally, it outlines the structure of arteries, veins and other blood vessels.
A transport system is a means by which materials are moved ('transported') from an exchange surface or exchange surfaces to cells* located throughout the organism.
A transport system is a means by which materials are moved ('transported') from an exchange surface or exchange surfaces to cells* located throughout the organism.
We’re all trying to find that idea or spark that will turn a good project into a great project. Creativity plays a huge role in the outcome of our work. Harnessing the power of collaboration and open source, we can make great strides towards excellence. Not just for designers, this talk can be applicable to many different roles – even development. In this talk, Seasoned Creative Director Sara Cannon is going to share some secrets about creative methodology, collaboration, and the strong role that open source can play in our work.
The impact of innovation on travel and tourism industries (World Travel Marke...Brian Solis
From the impact of Pokemon Go on Silicon Valley to artificial intelligence, futurist Brian Solis talks to Mathew Parsons of World Travel Market about the future of travel, tourism and hospitality.
The Six Highest Performing B2B Blog Post FormatsBarry Feldman
If your B2B blogging goals include earning social media shares and backlinks to boost your search rankings, this infographic lists the size best approaches.
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
Biology Project [Circulatory System] Vijay Raja Std Vii Navdeep With Soundvijayaswathy
My project was to prepare a presentation on human circulatory system.
This is what it finally looked like .
Hope it comes of some use to you all .
Vijay Raja
The cardiovascular system is transport system of body
It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels.
The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body.
The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which flows in close tubular system.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
DISSERTATION on NEW DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DRUG DISCOVERYNEHA GUPTA
The process of drug discovery and development is a complex and multi-step endeavor aimed at bringing new pharmaceutical drugs to market. It begins with identifying and validating a biological target, such as a protein, gene, or RNA, that is associated with a disease. This step involves understanding the target's role in the disease and confirming that modulating it can have therapeutic effects. The next stage, hit identification, employs high-throughput screening (HTS) and other methods to find compounds that interact with the target. Computational techniques may also be used to identify potential hits from large compound libraries.
Following hit identification, the hits are optimized to improve their efficacy, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in lead compounds. These leads undergo further refinement to enhance their potency, reduce toxicity, and improve drug-like characteristics, creating drug candidates suitable for preclinical testing. In the preclinical development phase, drug candidates are tested in vitro (in cell cultures) and in vivo (in animal models) to evaluate their safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Toxicology studies are conducted to assess potential risks.
Before clinical trials can begin, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application must be submitted to regulatory authorities. This application includes data from preclinical studies and plans for clinical trials. Clinical development involves human trials in three phases: Phase I tests the drug's safety and dosage in a small group of healthy volunteers, Phase II assesses the drug's efficacy and side effects in a larger group of patients with the target disease, and Phase III confirms the drug's efficacy and monitors adverse reactions in a large population, often compared to existing treatments.
After successful clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA) is submitted to regulatory authorities for approval, including all data from preclinical and clinical studies, as well as proposed labeling and manufacturing information. Regulatory authorities then review the NDA to ensure the drug is safe, effective, and of high quality, potentially requiring additional studies. Finally, after a drug is approved and marketed, it undergoes post-marketing surveillance, which includes continuous monitoring for long-term safety and effectiveness, pharmacovigilance, and reporting of any adverse effects.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. The Heart
4 chambers
Located between the
lungs
2/3 of heart left of
midline
Apex points downward
& contacts the
diaphragm
It lies in the pericardial
cavity
3. The Heart
It is separated from the other organs by a double-
layered membrane = Pericardium
The Pericardium is composed of a Fibrous
Pericardium & a Serous Pericardium.
The serous pericardium has 2 parts:
1. Parietal layer - attached to the back of the fibrous
pericardium
2. Visceral layer (epicardium) - attached to the heart
muscle
These two are separated by a fluid filled space =
pericardial cavity.
4. The Heart Wall
A. Epicardium -
outermost, = Visceral
layer of the serous
pericardium
8. Valves
4 valves
2 Atrioventricular (AV)
Valves
Rt. AV valve = tricuspid
Lt. AV valve = bicuspid,
mitral
2 semilunar valves: found
at the base of 2 large
vessels leaving the heart
= Pulmonary & Aortic
valves
10. Blood Flow
1. Rt. Atrium: receives
deoxygenated (venous)
blood from 3 vessels;
A. Superior vena cava -
blood from above the
heart
B. Inferior vena cava -
blood from below the
heart
C. Coronary sinus -
blood from the heart
muscle
11. Blood Flow
2. Blood flows through
Rt. AV valve into Rt.
Ventricle (the flaps of AV
valves are held in place
by Chordae Tendineae
& Papillary Muscles to
prevent back flow)
12. Blood Flow
3. Rt. Ventricle contracts
& blood exits through
the Pulmonary
Semilunar valve. It
enters the Pulmonary
trunk which divides into
Lt. & Rt. Pulmonary
arteries. Blood goes to
lungs (carbon dioxide
out, oxygen in)
13. Blood Flow cont.
4. Oxygenated blood
returns from the lungs
through the
Pulmonary veins to
the Lt. Atrium
14. Blood Flow
5. Blood flows
through the Lt. AV
valve (bicuspid,
mitral) to the Lt.
Ventricle
15. Blood Flow
6. Lt. Ventricle
contracts & blood exits
through the Aortic
Semilunar valve &
enters Ascending
Aorta.
16. Coronary circulation (Blood flow to Heart
Muscle)
First vessels off of the
Ascending Aorta = Lt. & Rt.
Coronary Arteries
17. Coronary Circulation cont.
The blood returns from the
heart muscle via 2 major
veins
1. Great Cardiac vein:
brings deoxygenated blood
back from the anterior heart
wall
2. Middle Cardiac vein:
brings deoxygenated blood
back from the posterior
heart wall.
Both vessels empty into the
Coronary Sinus (a large
vein on back of heart). It
empties into Rt. Atrium
18. Conduction system
An electrical system. It
determines the rate &
rhythm of the heartbeat
1. Sinoatrial node (SA node,
pacemaker) - Neurons fire
at 70/80 beats per minute,
causes atria to contract
2. Atrioventricular node (AV
node) - neurons fire at
40-50 beats per minute;
typically the SA node
overrides it, but if SA node
is not functioning it will
ultimately cause ventricles
to contract at a slower rate.
19. Conduction System
3. Atrioventricular Bundle
(Bundle of His) - conducts
impulses between ventricles
4. The AV Bundle divides into
lt & rt Bundle Branches which
go to the ventricles.
5. Purkinje fibers - deliver
impulses directly to the
myocardium of the ventricles.
20. Blood – connective tissue with fluid
matrix
A. Fluid = plasma
B. Blood cells = formed
elements
1. Red blood cells
(RBC's) =
ERYTHROCYTES
a. Flattened, biconcave,
anucleated discs
b. Life span - 120 days
c. Function: transport
oxygen & carbon dioxide
bound pigmented protein
= hemoglobin
21. Blood cont.
2. White blood cells
(WBC's) =
LEUKOCYTES
a.granulocytes
i. eosinophils
ii. Basophils
iii. Neutrophils
22. Blood cont.
2. White blood cells
(WBC's) =
LEUKOCYTES
b. Agranulocytes
i. Monocytes
ii. Lymphocytes
23. Blood cont.
3. Thrombocytes =
PLATELETS; not cells.
Cytoplasmic fragments
of megakaryocytes.
Assists in blood clot
formation.
24. Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell formation.
Occurs in red bone marrow.
A. Erythropoiesis =
RBC formation
B. Leukopoiesis = WBC
formation
C. Thrombopoiesis =
platelet formation
25. Blood vessels: blood flow
Blood flows from the heart through
progressively narrowing vessels;
artery ->arteriole -> capillary
And returns through progressively enlarging
vessels;
venules -> vein-> heart
26. Blood vessels
Structure: arteries and veins
have 3 tunics
1. Tunica Externa
(adventitia) - Outermost,
loose connective tissue, this
is the thickest layer in veins
2. Tunica Media - middle,
smooth muscle layer, this is
the thickest layer in arteries
3. Tunica Intima - innermost
a. Endothelium - simple
squamous + c.t.
b. Subendothelial layer - c.t.
27. Arteries (carry blood away from heart)
Elastic - large amount
of elastin expandable
Muscular - tunica
media is predominantly
smooth muscle.
There is an elastic
lamina on each face of
the tunica media
28. Arterioles -
Smallest, tunica media very thin (<10 layers)
29. Capillaries
"Functional units" of circulatory system, very
thin-walled, allows for exchange of gases,
nutrients, & waste products.
Composed of the Tunica Intima only
30. Venules
Usually lack a tunica media. They have the
other two tunics
31. Veins
Carry blood to the
heart) All 3 tunics
present. Veins have a
very
Low pressure, The
blood flow through
them is dependent on:
A. Contraction of
surrounding musculature
= Skeletal muscle "pump"
B. One-way valves