Kingdom animalia
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This document provides an introduction to the characteristics of animals in the kingdom Animalia. It discusses their heterotrophic and multicellular nature, as well as their ability to move. It also describes the basic embryonic stages of zygote, embryo, blastula and gastrula. The three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm - are identified along with the organ systems they give rise to. Diagrams of body plans for protostomes and deuterostomes are included. Finally, the document discusses symmetry in animals from asymmetry to radial and bilateral symmetry.
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LEKSIONE ....SHKRIM AKADEMIK
LEKSIONE ....SHKRIM AKADEMIK
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Roundworms of the phylum Nematoda have elongated cylindrical bodies covered in a tough cuticle. They have a complete digestive tract that is a tube-within-a-tube body plan. Nematodes possess a pseudocoelom rather than a true coelom. Segmented annelid worms are distinguished by their externally divided bodies. They also have a tube-within-a-tube body plan with a fluid-filled coelom between the inner and outer tubes. The coelom contains mesoderm and holds the body organs in place. Annelids are divided into three classes: Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea.
Animal kingdom introduction
This document provides an overview of the key characteristics used to classify members of the animal kingdom, including their:
1) Level of organization (cellular to organ system);
2) Symmetry (asymmetrical, radial, bilateral);
3) Embryonic germ layers (diploblastic, triploblastic);
4) Presence of coelom or pseudocoelom;
5) Segmentation and metamerism in some animals;
6) Presence or absence of a notochord in chordates.
The types of digestive and circulatory systems are also discussed.
Animalia
The document discusses the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project which searches outer space for signs of life. It notes that the US spends millions of dollars annually on SETI to search for aliens. It then asks if readers believe in the possibility of aliens and asserts that there may be aliens on other planets in the universe given the vast number of solar systems.
Biol 11 Lesson 1 April 5 - Arthropoda (1)
The document provides an overview of arthropods, including:
1) Arthropods are a large phylum characterized by jointed appendages and an exoskeleton. They include insects, spiders, crustaceans, and others.
2) There are four subphyla of arthropods including trilobites, chelicerates, crustaceans, and insects/centipedes/millipedes.
3) Arthropods have segmented bodies and a nervous system concentrated in the head, as well as open circulatory and excretory systems. They molt to grow.
Aniaml kingdom class XI
The document discusses the basic levels of organization in animals from the cellular level to the organ-system level. It also covers embryonic layer arrangements, types of body cavities, segmentation, and the presence or absence of a notochord. Specific animal phyla are then described in detail, including key characteristics and examples for each phylum. The major phyla covered include Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, and Vertebrata.
Biology - Chp 26 - Animals - PowerPoint
The document summarizes key aspects of the animal kingdom. It describes the main characteristics of animals, including being multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs without cell walls. It outlines the two main groups of animals - invertebrates and vertebrates. It then discusses the main functions of animals for survival and some trends in animal evolution like cell specialization, body symmetry, and cephalization. The major animal phyla are also introduced.
Classification of Animal Kingdom
1. The document discusses the classification of animals based on their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, segmentation, and presence of a notochord.
2. It describes the key characteristics of 14 animal phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
3. The phyla are classified and compared based on features such as body plan, tissue/organ level organization, symmetry,
Animals
This document provides an overview of the major animal groups, including their defining characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It discusses that animals are multicellular eukaryotes that digest food internally and reproduce sexually. The colonial flagellate hypothesis proposes that animals evolved from colonial choanoflagellates. Key animal groups covered include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, molluscs, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates, vertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Each group is defined by traits such as body plan, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, and level of organization.
Chapter 33 Part 1
The document provides an overview of several animal phyla, describing their key characteristics. It discusses the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. For each phylum, it outlines the types of organisms included and their defining anatomical and physiological traits.
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Chemical coordination
The document discusses the endocrine system, which consists of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate metabolism, growth, reproduction, and other essential body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, pineal gland, and thymus. Hormones help coordinate communication between different organs and cells to maintain homeostasis.
Nervous coordination
The nervous system allows for coordination in the body through electrochemical signaling between neurons. It consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons receive and transmit signals via dendrites, the cell body, and the axon. There are three types of neurons - sensory, motor, and inter. A nerve impulse is generated through changes in the neuron's membrane potential and the opening and closing of ion channels, causing the signal to propagate along the axon. At a synapse, neurotransmitters transmit the signal to the next neuron. Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli.
Cupping therapy
Cupping therapy is an ancient healing method that involves placing cups on the skin to enhance blood flow. It works by using suction to draw the skin and deeper tissues up underneath the cups. This increases circulation and brings impurities to the surface of the skin to be released. Cupping has been used for thousands of years in places like Egypt, China, and the Middle East to treat various health conditions by reducing inflammation and toxins in the body. It stimulates blood and lymph flow while strengthening the immune system. Cupping can help many issues like pain, respiratory problems, and skin conditions. It is a generally safe technique when performed properly by a trained practitioner.
Plant classification
The document provides information on plant classification, describing the four main groups that plants are classified into: mosses and liverworts, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. It then focuses on mosses, providing details on their characteristics, life cycle, and subdivisions. The document also briefly outlines key aspects of ferns, conifers, and the angiosperms.
Introduction to plants 1233859493415311-3
1) Plants evolved adaptations like a waxy cuticle, stomata, and the ability to reproduce using pollen to survive on land.
2) Vascular plants have conducting tissues that transport water and nutrients, as well as seeds and flowers that make reproduction more efficient.
3) Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on differences in their leaves, roots, vascular tissue, and floral structures.
Chp9 growth and development
This document discusses plant growth and development, including:
1. It describes vegetative growth patterns in shoots and roots of annuals, biennials, and perennials.
2. Environmental factors like light, temperature, water, and gases influence plant growth. Light intensity, day length, and temperature correlate with seasonal growth patterns.
3. Reproductive growth involves phases from flower induction through fruit maturation. Flowering is induced by day length (photoperiodism) in some plants and temperature (vernalization) in others.
Chap. 4 plant reproduction final
Plant reproduction involves an alternation of generations between haploid and diploid phases. In seed plants like angiosperms, the sporophyte phase is dominant. During reproduction, the male gametophyte (pollen grain) fertilizes the female gametophyte inside the ovule. This triggers double fertilization, where one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form a zygote embryo, and another sperm fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm tissue to nourish the developing seed.
plant morphological lab activities ch 091129203156-phpapp01
This document discusses plant tissues and how they are organized in plant structures like stems, roots, and leaves. It describes the basic tissue types found in plants like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem, phloem and epidermis. The chapter also examines how plant tissues develop and are arranged differently between monocots and dicots.
chapter 4
Cell division through mitosis and meiosis is essential for growth, development, and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells during normal growth and tissue repair. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells that have half the number of chromosomes, allowing sexual reproduction to create offspring with a full set of chromosomes from both parents. DNA is replicated and passed on to new cells through these cell division processes to ensure genetic continuity.
Stems 100926175806-phpapp02
Stems have several functions including supporting leaves, flowers, and fruits; transporting water and nutrients between roots and other plant parts; and storing food. They originate from the epicotyl region of seed embryos. Herbaceous stems are soft and green while woody stems are tough with secondary growth. Stems have internal specialized tissues like xylem and phloem that conduct water and nutrients respectively. Some stems are modified for storage, protection, or reproduction.
Mende
Mendel conducted experiments crossing pea plants that differed in distinct traits like seed color and shape. He discovered that traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes located on chromosomes. His laws of heredity showed that for each trait there are two alleles that separate during gamete formation, with one randomly passed from each parent. The dominant allele will be expressed in offspring while the recessive is not. Additionally, different genes assort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
Genotype and phenotype
The document discusses the differences between genotype and phenotype. Genotype refers to how genes code for a specific trait, using capital letters for dominant traits and lowercase for recessive traits. Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or expression of a trait. Some examples provided are that genotype could be TT for a purebred dominant tall pea plant, while phenotype looks at the actual observed trait of being tall. The key difference is that genotype deals with gene code, while phenotype deals with observable characteristics and traits.
Genetics 2
The document discusses heredity and genetics, including Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for modern genetics. It explains basic genetics concepts such as alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. The document also covers inheritance patterns such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and sex-linked traits.
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes and inheritance of traits. Characteristics are physical features like eye color that come in different versions called traits, such as blue, green, or brown eyes. Inheritance occurs when traits are passed from parent to child through genes, which are bits of DNA information. Genetic diseases can be inherited from parent to child, such as Marfan syndrome. Reproduction can be sexual, through fertilization of an egg by sperm, or asexual through copying; both result in offspring. Mutations in genes during reproduction can produce new traits in offspring.
Genetics
Gregor Mendel discovered the fundamental principles of genetics through breeding pea plants. He found that traits are determined by alleles, or alternative forms of genes. Dominant alleles will mask recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Mendel used Punnett squares and conducted monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance patterns, discovering the principles of segregation and independent assortment. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant over time if certain conditions are met.
Genetic code 2081
The document outlines the process of RNA and protein synthesis, including the structure and types of RNA such as messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA, as well as the steps of transcription, translation, and the roles of RNA and DNA in coding for proteins. Key concepts covered are the genetic code, how mRNA carries instructions to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into proteins with the help of rRNA during translation on the ribosome.
Genetic traits
The document summarizes various genetic traits and what is known about their heritability. For traits like earlobe attachment, thumb extension, tongue rolling, dimples, and freckles, some scientists have reported they are due to a single dominant gene, while others note multiple genes may be involved. Handedness and hair curl have been linked to single or multiple genes. Allergies have a genetic component and risk increases with an allergic parent or parents. Views on hand clasping and colorblindness also provide insight into their genetic basis.
52 ch13mendel2007
This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics through experiments breeding pea plants. Mendel documented traits like flower color and seed shape over multiple generations of pea plants. His data showed that traits are inherited as discrete units and that some traits are dominant over recessive traits. Mendel's findings established the basic principles of heredity, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for modern genetics.
07 gene mutations
The document discusses gene mutations, specifically point mutations that affect a single gene. It describes how mutations can occur at the DNA, mRNA, and protein levels through substitutions, inversions, additions, and deletions. This leads to changes in amino acid sequences which can significantly impact protein structure and function, potentially causing genetic disorders. Sickle cell anemia is provided as a specific example and results from a single nucleotide substitution in the beta-hemoglobin gene.
Molecular genetics partii 100131193902-phpapp01
This document discusses the process by which DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Key points include:
- One gene typically codes for one polypeptide through a multi-step process of transcription and translation.
- During transcription, DNA is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then undergoes processing before exiting the nucleus, including capping, polyadenylation, and splicing of introns.
- During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids in the proper sequence specified by the mRNA codon sequence to produce a polypeptide chain.
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Kingdom animalia
- 4. Embryonic Germ Layers Ectoderm– outside layer Mesoderm – middle layer Endoderm – inside layer
- 5. LAYER ORGAN & ORGAN SYSTEM Ectoderm Nervous system Skin Mesoderm Muscles Circulatory System Skeletal System Reproductive System Endoderm Lining of gut and respiratory tracts Liver Pancreas
- 6. Animals With No Embryonic Stages Sponges Cnidarians Ctenophorans
- 7. Protostomes – blastopore becomes mouth Acoelomates – no body cavity – Platyhelminthes Draw the acoelomate body plan in your notes here. Pseudocoelomates – fake body cavity – Nematodes Draw the pseudocoelomate body plan in your notes here.
- 8. Deuterostomes – blastopore becomes anus All are Eucoelomates – true body cavity – Mollusks – Annelids – Arthropods – Echinoderms – Chordates Draw the eucoelomate body plan in your notes here.
- 9. Symmetry Assymmetry –Irregular shapes –Do not move –Sponges
- 10. Symmetry Radial Symmetry –Can divide into equal halves using many planes –Cnidaria (stinging animals) –Echinoderms (sea stars)
- 11. Symmetry Can only divide into left & right halves Most efficient for movement – Flatworms – Roundworms – Mollusks – Segmented Worms – Chordates
- 12. Anatomical Positions DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL