This document discusses various circulatory system complications including varicose veins, hypertension, hypotension, atherosclerosis, shock, heart attack, and stroke. It defines each condition, describes common symptoms and causes, and outlines treatment approaches. The goal is for students to distinguish between different circulatory disorders, explain how diseases occur and are treated, and increase awareness to help prevent issues.

2. OBJECTIVES:
 After the discussion the students
should be able to:
1. Distinguished the different
complications of the circulatory
system.
2. Explain the occurrence of the
diseases and how it is treated.
3. Be aware on the different
disorders in order to prevent it.

3. 1. Varicose Veins
 Varicose Vein, dilated (enlarged) and
often twisted vein just below the skin
that develops when the valves in the
vein no longer function properly or when
blood volume in the vein increases.
 Varicose veins develop most commonly
in the legs, but also occur in the anus
(hemorrhoids), esophagus, and testes in
males (varicocele).

6. SYMPTOMS

• Aching, heavy legs (often worse at night and
after exercise)
• Ankle swelling
• A brownish-blue shiny skin discoloration
around the veins
• Skin over the vein may become dry, itchy
and thin, leading to eczema (venous eczema)
• The skin may darken (stasis dermatitis),
because of the waste products building up in
the legs
• Minor injuries to the area may bleed more
than normal and/or take a long time to heal

7.  Rarely, there is a large amount of
bleeding from a ruptured vein
• In some people the skin above the
ankle may shrink (lipodermatosclerosis)
because the fat underneath the skin
becomes hard.
• Restless Leg Syndrome. Restless Leg
Syndrome appears to be a common
overlapping clinical syndrome in patients
with varicose veins and other chronic
venous insufficiency

8. CAUSES
 To remain standing for the whole day or
longer time (may be part of profession)
 Going on walking, who have not to sit at all,
the veins of such people get little dilated than
necessary because of the higher pressure of
blood in these veins.
 In the case of ladies, irregular menses,
pregnancy or repeated delivery as well as
very quick deliveries, and miscarriages,
including the menopause time, it is very much
possible that the varicose veins may result.

9. TREATMENT
 Varicose vein surgery
This involves removing the affected superficial
veins.
The most common is called ligation and stripping.
Non-surgical treatment for varicose veins
Elevating the legs provides relief in varicose veins.

10.  Yoga treatment for Varicose Veins
In all these situations the best exercise to prevent
varicose veins is walking ( but not too much
walking). Walking results in creating muscle
pressure and relax-ation of the muscles, thereby
the blood circulation and control is well
maintained. Yogasanas help to seize the further
deterioration.

12. 2. HYPERTENSION/HIGH BLOOD
PRESSURE
 Hypertension or High Blood Pressure, medical
condition in which constricted arterial blood
vessels increase the resistance to blood flow,
causing an increase in blood pressure against
vessel walls.
 The heart must work harder to pump blood
through the narrowed arteries. If the condition
persists, damage to the heart and blood vessels
is likely, increasing the risk for stroke, heart
attack, and kidney or heart failure. Often called
the ―silent killer,‖ hypertension usually causes
no symptoms until it reaches a life-threatening
stage.

13.  Pressure is a measure of how hard the blood
pushes against the walls of your arteries as it
moves through your body.
 Arteries are vessels that carry blood from the
pumping heart to all the tissues and organs of
the body. High blood pressure does not mean
excessive emotional tension, although
emotional tension and stress can temporarily
increase blood pressure.
 Normal blood pressure is below 120/80.

15. TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
1. Primary Hypertension
This type is also called essential hypertension,
and it is by far the most common type of
hypertension, and is diagnosed in about 95% of
cases.
Essential hypertension has no obvious or yet
identifiable cause.
2. Secondary hypertension;
These is kind of hypertension that cause by renal
disease, hormone problem or other systemic
disease.

16. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO
3 STAGES
 Stage 1, a measure of blood pressure between
130/80 and 140/90 mmHg.
This condition called as prehypertension, some
of people with these level they don't feel anything.
But it's possible for the other groups of people
this level is too high for them. If your blood
pressure falls into the prehypertension category
and you do not have any other risk factors,
lifestyle changes are the recommended treatment
at this stage.

17.  Stage 2, blood pressure recorded around
160/100 mmHg to 179/109 mmHg.
Usually if you don't have any accompanying
conditions such as heart disease, diabetes,
kidney disease, or a history of stroke, at this level
the doctors will start to offered lifestyle
modifications and a single medication to lower it.

18.  Stage 3, Systolic pressure greater than 180
mmHg or diastolic pressure greater than 110
mmHg.
This level is definitely high, The patient should be
treat with medication to lower it as soon as
possible. Otherwise, Persistent hypertension can
make serious medical problem such as strokes,
heart attacks, heart failure and arterial aneurysm,
and also became one of leading cause of chronic
renal failures.

19. Pulmonary Hypertension
 Pulmonary hypertension is high
blood pressure in the arteries
leading from the heart to the lungs.
 Pulmonary hypertension is a
different condition than ordinary
high blood pressure (hypertension).

20. SYMPTOMS
 shortness of breath with exertion.
 chest pain
 fatigue
 lethargy
 passing out suddenly
 swelling of the legs (edema)

21. CAUSES
 Congestive heart failure
 Venous thromboembolic disease
(blood clots in the lungs)
 Human immunodeficiency virus
infection
 Illegal drug use (cocaine,
methamphetamine)
 Cirrhosis of the liver
 Appetite suppressant medications
(fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine,
diethylpropion), which are no longer

22.  Autoimmune diseases (lupus,
scleroderma, and rheumatoid
arthritis)
 Heart shunts (abnormal blood flow
between heart chambers)
 Chronic lung disease (emphysema,
chronic bronchitis, or pulmonary
fibrosis)
 Obstructive sleep apnea

24. 3. HYPOTENSION/LOW BLOOD
PRESSURE
 Low blood pressure (hypotension)
is pressure so low it causes
symptoms or signs due to the low
flow of blood through the arteries
and veins. When the flow of blood
is too low to deliver enough oxygen
and nutrients to vital organs such
as the brain, heart, and kidney, the
organs do not function normally and
may be temporarily or permanently
damaged.

25. SYMPTOMS
 lightheaded
 dizziness
 faintness
 Development of orthostatic
hypotension

26. CAUSES
CONDITIONS THAT REDUCES THE VOLUME
OF BLOOD
 Dehydration
 Moderate or severe bleeding
 Severe inflammation of organs inside the
body

27. CAUSES DUE TO HEART
DISEASE
 Weakened heart muscle can cause the heart to
fail and reduce the amount of blood it pumps.
 Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium
(the sac surrounding the heart)
 Pulmonary embolism is a condition in which a
blood clot in a vein (deep vein thrombosis) breaks
off and travels to the heart and eventually the
lung.
 A slow heart rate (bradycardia) can decrease
the amount of blood pumped by the heart. The
resting heart rate for a healthy adult is between
60 and 100 beats/minute.

28.  An abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia)
also can cause low blood pressure.
 Medications that cause low blood pressure
calcium channel blockers
beta blockers
Water pills (diuretics)
Alcohol and narcotics also can cause low blood
pressure.

29. 4. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
 Atherosclerosis, a form of
arteriosclerosis, is the reduction in blood
flow through the arteries caused by
greasy deposits called plaque that form
on the insides of arteries and partially
restrict the flow of blood.
 Plaque deposits are associated with
high concentrations of cholesterol in the
blood. Recent studies have also shown
an association between inflammation
and plaque deposits.

31. SYMPTOMS
 The specific signs and symptoms
depend on which arteries are affected.
 Heart arteries. Obstruction of the
arteries to your heart (coronary arteries)
may cause symptoms of heart attack,
such as chest pain.

32.  Arteries supplying the brain. Obstruction of
the carotid arteries in your neck may cause
symptoms of stroke, such as sudden
numbness, weakness or dizziness.
 Arteries in the arms and legs. Obstruction of
the arteries supplying blood to your arms and
legs may cause symptoms of peripheral
arterial disease, such as leg pain when
walking (intermittent claudication).
 Sometimes hardening of the arteries causes
erectile dysfunction in men.

33. CAUSES
 Damage in endothelium.
 low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
 Plaque formation.
Your white blood cells stream in to digest the LDL
cholesterol. Over years, the accumulating mess
of cholesterol and cells becomes a plaque in the
wall of the artery.

35. TREATMENT
 Lifestyle changes
 Medication
 Angiography and stenting
 Bypass surgery

36. 5. SHOCK
 Shock refers to the life-threatening state
that disturbs when the body is unable to
get enough blood flow. This situation
can harm the multiple organs.
 Shock is one of the most severe health
problems that need immediate medical
treatment.

37. SYMPTOMS
 A fast, weak pulse
 Low blood pressure
 Feeling faint, fatigue or nauseous
 Dizziness
 Cold, clammy skin
 Blue lips
 Rapid, shallow breathing

38. TYPES
 There are FIVE types of shock psychological
shock (or mental) and physiological (or
circulatory) shock.
 Psychological shock can be disturbed
after the emotionally and physically
shocking experience but it affects your
state of mind. The symptoms of this kind
of shock are palpitations and feeling
faint, it does not normally lead to severe
physical collapse.

39.  The main causes of disturbing this type
of shock are hearing of shocking news
like death of your close relative or loved
one. Involved in a traumatic event like
accident and also can be caused due to
the victim of any crime.

40.  Physiological shock:
This can cause by serious bleeding, poisoning,
spinal injury, severe vomiting, diarrhea and
pulmonary embolus. There are also different
types of physiological shock with certain symptom

41.  Cardiogenic shock:
 Cardiogenic shock disturbs when the
heart is rigorously damaged – by heart
attack, for example the body unable to
pump blood properly and also causes
low blood pressure.
 This can cause heart attack. It is also
very difficult to cure but medicines may
be available to make the heartbeat
strong. But cardiogenic shock is serious
in as many as eight out of ten cases
there are new treatments to
revascularise or to regain the flow of

42.  Septic shock
 Septic shock is caused due to the
overflow of bacterial infection that
causes blood pressure. This type of
shock can be treated in hospital only
where the accurate drugs can be given.
There is another type of septic shock is
toxic shock syndrome – an uncommon
but rigorous illness caused by certain
injures of the bacteria Staphylococcus
aureus.

43. Anaphylactic shock:
 Anaphylactic shock is a serious allergic
reaction. Common cause includes bee and
wasp stings, nuts, shellfish, eggs, latex and
definite medications, including penicillin.
The main signs of causing anaphylactic
shock are anxiety, watery eyes, nausea,
red and itchy skin, sneezing, difficulty
breathing and burning and swelling of the
lips and tongue. It is very important to carry
anaphylaxis treatment kit.


44. TREATMENT
 Airway assessment of whether the patient is
awake enough to try to take their own breaths
and/or if there is there anything blocking the
mouth or nose.
 Breathing: assessment of the adequacy of
breathing and whether it may need to be
assisted with mouth-to-mouth resuscitation or
more aggressive interventions like a bag and
mask or intubation with an endotracheal tube.
 Circulation: assessment of the adequacy of
the blood pressure adequate and
determination of whether intravenous lines are
needed for delivery of fluid or medications to

45. 6. HEART ATTACK
 A heart attack, also known as a
myocardial infarction, usually
occurs when a blood clot forms
inside a coronary artery at the site
of an atherosclerotic plaque. The
blood clot severely limits or
completely cuts off blood flow to
part of the heart.

47. SYMPTOMS
 Pain, fullness, and/or squeezing sensation of the
chest
 Jaw pain, toothache, headache
 Shortness of breath
 Nausea, vomiting, and/or general epigastric
(upper middle abdomen) discomfort
 Sweating
 Heartburn and/or indigestion
 Arm pain (more commonly the left arm, but may
be either arm)

48.  Upper back pain
 General malaise (vague feeling of
illness)
 No symptoms (Approximately one
quarter of all heart attacks are silent,
without chest pain or new symptoms.
Silent heart attacks are especially
common among patients with diabetes
mellitus.)

49. CAUSES
 Atherosclerosis

50. 7. STROKE
 Stroke, brain damage caused by a lack of blood
flow to part of the brain.
 Brain cell function requires a constant delivery of
oxygen and glucose from the bloodstream. A
stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), occurs
when blood supply to part of the brain is
disrupted, causing brain cells to die. Blood flow
can be compromised by a variety of mechanisms.

51. SYMPTOMS
 Sudden numbness or weakness of the
face, arm or leg, especially on one side
of the body. The loss of voluntary
movement and/or sensation may be
complete or partial. There may an
associated tingling sensation in the
affected area.
 Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or
understanding. Sometimes weakness in
the muscles of the face can cause

52.  Sudden trouble seeing in one or both
eyes
 Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss
of balance or coordination
 Sudden, severe headache with no
known cause

54. CAUSES
 Blockage of an artery
The part of the brain that is supplied by
the clotted blood vessel is then deprived
of blood and oxygen. As a result of the
deprived blood and oxygen, the cells of
that part of the brain die and the part of
the body that it controls stops working.
Typically, a cholesterol plaque in a small
blood vessel within the brain that has
gradually caused blood vessel
narrowing ruptures and starts the

55.  Rupture of an artery (hemorrhage)
Cerebral hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain
substance). The most common reason to have
bleeding within the brain is uncontrolled high
blood pressure. Other situations include
aneurysms that leak or rupture or arteriovenous
malformations (AVM) in which there is an
abnormal collection of blood vessels that are
fragile and can bleed.

56. TYPES OF STROKE

57. An ischemic stroke can also be caused
by a traveling clot, or embolus . In this
case, the clot develops at some other
location in the circulation, usually in one
of the heart’s chambers. The clot then
travels through the bloodstream until it
encounters a vessel too small to let it
pass through—often a vessel narrowed
by atherosclerosis.

58.  A transient ischemic attack (TIA)
sometimes precedes an ischemic
stroke. In a TIA, also known as a
ministroke, strokelike symptoms develop
but disappear within five minutes to 24
hours.

59.  Hemorrhagic strokes account for the
remaining 20 percent of all strokes.
 They occur when weakened blood
vessels within the brain rupture and
bleed into the surrounding tissue. The
escaped blood can compress or pinch
nearby blood vessels, cutting off blood
flow and depriving the surrounding
tissue of oxygen.

61. 8. ANEURYSYM
 Aneurysm, bulge or sac formed by the ballooning
of the wall of an artery or a vein.
 It may become the site of a blood clot that breaks
away and lodges in the tissues of such vital
organs as the heart and the brain, causing
serious, even mortal, heart failure or brain
damage.
 A ruptured aneurysm may lead to a fatal loss of
blood from the circulatory system into body
cavities.

62.  An abnormal bulge or ballooning
(dilation) in the wall of an artery
caused by the pressure of blood
flowing through a weakened area.
The weakening may be the result of
disease, injury, or a congenital
defect of the arterial wall.

63.  An aneurysm that occurs in the aorta in
the chest is called a thoracic aortic
aneurysm.
 An aneurysm that occurs in the aorta in
the abdomen is called an abdominal
aortic aneurysm.
Aneurysms also can occur in arteries in
the brain, heart, intestine, neck, spleen,
back of the knees and thighs, and in
other parts of the body. If an aneurysm

64.  Cerebral aneurysm
Aneurysms that occur in an artery in the
brain are called cerebral aneurysms.
They are sometimes called berry
aneurysms because they are often the
size of a small berry. Most cerebral
aneurysms produce no symptoms until
they become large, begin to leak blood,
or rupture.
This causes stroke.

65.  Peripheral aneurysm
Aneurysms that occur in arteries other than the
aorta (and not in the brain) are called peripheral
aneurysms. Common locations for peripheral
aneurysms include the artery that runs down the
back of the thigh behind the knee ,the main artery
in the groin and the main artery in the neck.

66.  Peripheral aneurysms are not as likely
to rupture as aortic aneurysms, but
blood clots can form in peripheral
aneurysms. If a blood clot breaks away
from the aneurysm, it can block blood
flow through the artery. If a peripheral
aneurysm is large, it can press on a
nearby nerve or vein and cause pain,
numbness, or swelling.

67. SYMPTOMS
Symptoms depend on the location of the
aneurysm, whether it breaks open, and what part
of the brain it is pushing on, but may include:
 Double vision
 Loss of vision
 Headaches
 Eye pain
 Neck pain
 Stiff neck

68. A sudden, severe headache is one symptom
of an aneurysm that has ruptured. Other
symptoms of an aneurysm rupture may
include:
 Confusion, lethargy, sleepiness, or stupor
 Eyelid drooping
 Headaches with nausea or vomiting
 Muscle weakness or difficulty moving any part
of the body
 Numbness or decreased sensation in any part
of the body
 Seizures
 Speech impairment
 Stiff neck (occasionally)
 Vision changes (double vision, loss of vision)

69. CAUSES
 Congenital
 Atherosclerosis
 trauma and infection, which can injure the blood
vessel wall

70. TREATMENT
 Clipping is the most common way
to repair an aneurysm. this is done
during open brain surgery.
 Endovascular repair, most often
using a "coil" or coiling, is a less
invasive way to treat some
aneurysms.

74. 9. CARDIOMYOPATHY
 Cardiomyopathy encompasses any condition that
damages and weakens the heart muscle.
Scientists believe that viral infections cause many
cases of cardiomyopathy.

75.  There are three main types of
cardiomyopathy — dilated,
hypertrophic and restrictive — all of
which affect your heart muscle.
Cardiomyopathy makes it harder for
your heart to pump blood and deliver it
to the rest of your body. There are many
causes of cardiomyopathy, including
coronary artery disease and valvular
heart disease. Cardiomyopathy can lead
to heart failure.

76. SYMPTOMS
 Breathlessness with exertion or even at rest
 Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet
 Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup
 Fatigue
 Irregular heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or
fluttering
 Dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting

77. CAUSES
 Long-term high blood pressure
 Heart valve problems
 Heart tissue damage from a previous heart attack
 Chronic rapid heart rate
 Metabolic disorders, such as thyroid disease or
diabetes
 Nutritional deficiencies of essential vitamins or
minerals, such as thiamin (vitamin B-1), selenium,
calcium and magnesium
 Pregnancy

78.  Excessive use of alcohol over many years
 Abuse of cocaine or antidepressant medications,
such as tricyclic antidepressants
 Use of some chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer
 Certain viral infections, which may injure the heart
and trigger cardiomyopathy
 Iron buildup in your heart muscle
(hemochromatosis)

79. CAUSES
 vitamin B deficiency
 rheumatic fever,
 underactivity of the thyroid gland
 genetic disease called
hemochromatosis in which iron
builds up in the heart muscle cells.

80. TYPES
Dilated cardiomyopathy.
 This is the most common type of
cardiomyopathy. In this disorder, your heart's
main pumping chamber — the left ventricle —
becomes enlarged (dilated), its pumping
ability becomes less forceful, and blood
doesn't flow as easily through the heart.
Although this type can affect people of all
ages, it occurs most often in middle-aged
people and is more likely to affect men. Some
people with dilated cardiomyopathy have a

81. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
 This type involves abnormal growth or
thickening of your heart muscle,
particularly affecting the muscle of your
heart's main pumping chamber. As
thickening occurs, the heart tends to
stiffen and the size of the pumping
chamber may shrink, interfering with
your heart's ability to deliver blood to
your body.

82.  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can
develop at any age, but the
condition tends to be more severe if
it becomes apparent during
childhood. Most affected people
have a family history of the disease,
and some genetic mutations have
been linked to hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy.

83. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• The heart muscle in people with restrictive
cardiomyopathy becomes rigid and less
elastic, meaning the heart can't properly
expand and fill with blood between
heartbeats.
 While restrictive cardiomyopathy can occur at
any age, it most often tends to affect older
people. It's the least common type of
cardiomyopathy and can occur for no known
reason (idiopathic). The condition may also be
caused by diseases elsewhere in the body
that affect the heart.

84. TREATMENT
 Taking medicines
 Making important changes in your
lifestyle (dieting, exercising, stopping
smoking, stopping alcohol use or using it
only in moderation, and stopping the use
of other substances such as illegal
drugs)
 Knowing your body and the symptoms
of heart failure

85.  Wearing a pacemaker to treat a slow
heart rate or to help both sides of your
heart beat at the same time
 Wearing a defibrillator that sends an
electrical pulse to stop life-threatening,
abnormal heart rhythms

86. 10. CONGENITAL HEART
DISEASE
 Congenital heart disease refers to a
problem with the heart's structure and
function due to abnormal heart
development before birth.
 Congenital means present at birth.

87. TYPES
 CYANOTIC (blue discoloration caused by a
relative lack of oxygen)
 NON-CYANOTIC

88. SYMPTOMS
 Rapid breathing
 Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips,
and fingernails)
 Fatigue (tiredness)
 Poor blood circulation
 Heart murmur
 Fatigue with exercise
 Shortness of breath
 A buildup of blood and fluid in the lungs
 A buildup of fluid in the feet, ankles, and
leg

89. CAUSES
 Heredity
 Genetic defects

90. TREATMENT
 Procedures using catheters to
repair the defect
 Surgery to repair the defect
 Open-heart surgery
 Heart transplant