National Income is one of the basic concept in Economics and it's base is Circular Flow of Income. This chapter is based upon ISC Economics. I hope it will be useful. I tried animations for the circular flow...Enjoy it...
A fantastic PPT on the topic circular flow of income. It gives a complete understanding of the working of an economy in two sector, three sector and four sector models. It explains how production, income and expenditure are interrelated and how they move in a circular way.
Concept of National Income with GDP GNP NNP& NDPAnkit Singh
It is the detailed study of National Income in a macro economics of a country with the methods of its measurement and concepts related to it like Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net Domestic Product, Net National Product.
A fantastic PPT on the topic circular flow of income. It gives a complete understanding of the working of an economy in two sector, three sector and four sector models. It explains how production, income and expenditure are interrelated and how they move in a circular way.
Concept of National Income with GDP GNP NNP& NDPAnkit Singh
It is the detailed study of National Income in a macro economics of a country with the methods of its measurement and concepts related to it like Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Product, Net Domestic Product, Net National Product.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challengesPankaj Bhaydiya
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.
Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
Presentation deals with circular flow of money in Three Sector economy. It is a simple graphical representation to make circular flow easy to understand.
National income: concept, methods, Importance and challengesPankaj Bhaydiya
In this presentation you are going to know about the concept of national income, circular flow of income under four sector economy its methods, Importance and the challenges faced by government in calculation of national income
In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy.
Inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time.
Presentation deals with circular flow of money in Three Sector economy. It is a simple graphical representation to make circular flow easy to understand.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
Macroeconomics deals with the economy as a whole; it examines the behavior of economic aggregates such as aggregate income, consumption, investment, and the overall level of prices.
all about national income gdp, management , sector models,methods to calculate gdp that you want to learn as a beginner.ppt from CABM students gbpuat, Pantnagar
All about national income that u need to know for beginners. various methods to calculate gdp,gnp etc
presented by students of College of Agribusiness Management, govind ballabh pant university of agriculture & technology.
Concept of national income and comparison with pakistanAgamya Dixit
It discusses the various concepts of national income like GDP, GNP, circular flow of income , etc .. It also brings to light the data related to national income for past few years and the trends. It also presents a comparison with the national income trends of Pakistan.
Just an extension to the demand theory for ISC economics, this chapter discusses consumer equilibrium with utility approach. Especially when goods are free, priced and two commodity case.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. It is regarded as the most
comprehensive measure of the
level of economic activity and
index of economic growth of an
economy.
3. It is defined as the value of all final
goods and services produced by the
normal residents of a country,
whether operating within the domestic
territory of the country or outside, in a
year.
4. Money – Common Denominator
We can assign monetary value in terms
of market prices or in terms of factor
costs.
5. These are sold to the final users during the
year.
Finished goods for
final consumption and investment.
Final goods and services:
◦ Food items, refrigerators etc. – consumption
◦ Machines, buildings etc. - Investment
6. These are used by the producers as
input into a further stage of
production.
Resold after converting into final
goods.
Seeds, fertilizers, etc.
7. All goods and services produced during a
year must be counted once, but not more
than once.
Intermediate products are excluded from NI.
i.e. flour mills sell flour to bakeries, and
bakeries use this flour in making breads
which are sold to households…
8. NI is a flow concept. It is the flow of goods
and services. A flow is a quantity which is
measured over a period of time.
It tells us how many rupees worth of goods
and services are flowing in the economy per
unit of time.
Conventionally, NI is expressed over one year.
9. NI measures the value of currently produced
goods and services.
Excludes ‘pure exchange transactions’, such
as sale and purchase of second hand goods
or used goods, purchase and sale of
securities and transfer payments. Why?
Because, nothing new is produced in the
current year.
10. What to do with the value of the services of
the commission agents involved in the
second hand sales?
Regarding sale and purchase of financial
assets (both old and new) like bonds and
shares?
Services of the share brokers?
Transfer payments like social security
payments (pensions, etc.), donations and
gifts (unilateral payments).
11. Those persons who ordinarily reside in a
country which they live and whose economic
interest lies in that country.
May or may not be the citizens of that
country, i.e. normal residents include
national, as well as foreign nationals.
They produce goods and services by selling
their factor services to production units
located within and outside the domestic
territory of a country.
12. Geographical or political boundary excluding
foreign embassies and international
institutions located within the geographical
territory, and including the embassies of this
country located outside its geographical
territory.
Domestic product: value o final goods and
services + NFI received from abroad
NI is not the sum total of personal incomes
13. Interaction and inter-dependence between
various economic activities like production,
exchange and consumption is called the
circular flow of income.
NI is a flow concept.
Production give rise to Income which gives
rise to Consumption/Expenditure and
expenditure gives rise to income again.
It goes on continuously and indefinitely in a
circular way; it has neither any beginning nor
any end.
14. Thus, CFI is defined as the flow of
payments and receipts for goods and
services and factor services between
different sectors of the economy.
Flows:
◦ Real Flows
Flow of factor services
Flow of goods and services
◦ Money Flows
20. Producers Households
Money / Finance
Saving
Borrowing
Transfer Payments
Consumption Expenditure
Government
Taxes
Expenditure on Goods & Services
Taxes
Borrowing
Saving
Saving
Borrowing
Subsidies
Factor Payments
21. Producers Households
Money / Finance
Saving
Borrowing
Government
Borrowing
Saving
Govt. Consumption Expenditure
Transfer Payments
Taxes
Transfer
Payments
Taxes
Borrowing
SavingRest of the World
ExportReceipt
Import
Payment
22. Flow Variables which have negative impact on
the process of production in the economy.
Savings [S]
Taxes [T]
Imports [M]
23. Flow Variables which cause expansion in the
process of production in the economy.
Investment [I]
Govt. Consumption
Expenditure [G]
Exports [X]
24. Investment (I)
Government
expenditure (G)
Export
expenditure (X)
BANKS, etc
Net
saving (S)
GOV.
Net
taxes (T)
ABROAD
Import
expenditure (M)
The circular flow of income
Leakages
INJECTIONS
Consumption
of domestically
produced
goods &
services (Cd)
Factor
Payments
27. State following sentences whether true of false
Economy is broadly classified into two sectors
Production refers to ‘Value Addition’
2-sector model of economy is also known as
Open Economy
Triplet Identity in circular flow is;
Production=Income=Expenditure
Money flows are opposite to real flows in
circular flow
Circularity stops when leakages are there in
system