Chapter 2 - The Circular Flow of Economic Activity.pptx
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The document describes the circular flow of economic activity between households and producing units. It involves the flow of goods, services, and income in both directions. Households provide resources and purchase goods and services, while producing units make goods and services and pay incomes. The circular flow also involves governments, foreign countries, and financial institutions. It depicts how the economy functions as an interrelated whole through the constant exchanges between consumers and producers.
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Pawnshop Chapter 7
If you want to help or donate please donate at my paypal:
dyokimura@gmail.com
Credits: Necia Joy N. Magbojos
SUPPORT ME:
https://www.buymeacoffee.com/dyokimura6
CHECK MY GAMING CHANNEL:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoKOObshfyyxhVkw1VjyQNA
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The document discusses economic challenges related to inflation and unemployment. It defines inflation as a general increase in prices over time which decreases purchasing power. Unemployment is defined as people who are currently not working but have actively sought work in the past four weeks. Different types of unemployment are explained such as frictional, structural, seasonal, and cyclical unemployment. Factors that cause inflation like the quantity theory, cost-push theory, and demand-pull theory are also summarized.
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3) Individuals and societies face trade-offs in how they use limited resources to fulfill needs and wants. Opportunity cost is the value of the next best choice not taken.
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Imperfect competition covers all situations where there is neither pure competition nor pure monopoly.
Perfect competition and pure monopoly are very unlikely to be found in the real world.
In the real world, it is the imperfect competition lying between perfect competition and pure monopoly.
The fundamental distinguishing characteristic of imperfect competition is that average revenue curve slopes downwards throughout its length, but it slopes downwards at different rates in different categories of imperfect competition.
Monopoly refers to the market situation where there is a
Single seller selling a product which has no close substitutes.
Monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the existence of a high monopoly price well above the firm's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit
The word “oligopoly” comes from the Greek “oligos” meaning "little or small” and “polein” meaning “to sell.” When “oligos” is used in the plural, it means “few” ,few firms or few sellers.
DEFINATION:
Oligopoly is that form of market where there are few firms and there is natural interdependence among the firms regarding price and output policy.
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The document discusses measuring a nation's economic growth and income. It defines Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period. GDP can be calculated using the expenditure approach, which adds up consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and net exports (X - M). GDP using the income approach adds up total national income, sales taxes, depreciation, and net foreign factor income. The core agenda of macroeconomics includes monitoring economic growth, prices, and employment to assess the overall health and performance of an economy.
National Income (Unit 2) by Dr. Abhay Singh Chauhan
National income refers to the total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year. The circular flow of income shows how income and spending flow between households, firms, the government, and foreign sectors in a continuous loop. GDP is a measure of the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given period of time, and is a key indicator of the overall economic health and size of a country's economy.
Measuring economicperformance
The document discusses key economic indicators used to measure economic performance, including GDP, GNP, and their components. It explains that GDP is the total value of goods and services produced domestically in a year, while GNP includes output produced by a country's citizens abroad. The main components of GDP are consumer spending, investment, government spending, and net exports. GDP can be calculated via the expenditure approach or income approach.
Lecture 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of macroeconomics concepts including the definition of macroeconomics, national income measurement, and the circular flow of income. It describes macroeconomics as dealing with the behavior of the overall economy, including outputs, growth, inflation, unemployment, and balance of payments. It also outlines the circular flow of income between households and businesses and how this is represented in two-sector, three-sector, and four-sector economic models.
National income
all about national income gdp, management , sector models,methods to calculate gdp that you want to learn as a beginner.ppt from CABM students gbpuat, Pantnagar
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This document summarizes Philippine tax rates for different types of passive income received by residents (RC), non-resident citizens (NRA-ETB), and non-residents (NRA). It provides the tax rates for interest income from bank deposits and government debt, holding period rules for pre-terminating long-term investments, interest income from foreign currency deposits and foreign banks, income of depository banks from foreign exchange transactions, royalties, prizes, winnings, dividends, capital gains, and tax informer rewards. The tax rates range from 0-30% depending on the source and character of the income and residency status.
INCOME PAYMENT SUBJECT TO CREDITABLE WITHHOLDING TAX.docx
This document outlines creditable withholding tax rates that apply to various types of income payments in the Philippines. It provides withholding tax rates for professional fees, talent fees, rentals, contractors, income distributions, partnership income, real estate sales, additional government personnel income, credit card payments, supplier payments, interest income, and REIT income. It also lists some exemptions from creditable withholding tax, such as socialized housing projects, certain non-profit corporations, joint construction ventures, and low-income individuals. The withholding tax rates range from 1% to 15% depending on the type of income and amount.
BIR FORM.docx
This document lists various Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) forms along with their filing deadlines. Some key points:
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Chapter 9 - Inflation.pptx
This document discusses various measures that can be taken to curb inflation. It describes how monetary policy works by controlling the money supply through interest rates and bank reserve requirements, which lessens money in circulation and dampens demand. Fiscal policy is also discussed as working through public expenditure, taxation, and debt to influence income, employment and wealth distribution. The relationship between monetary and fiscal policy is explained, with both seen as important tools to contain inflation.
Chapter 5 - Consumption and Savings.pptx
Consumption refers to the use of goods and services to satisfy human wants. It is undertaken by households as well as businesses and governments. There are two types of consumption - household consumption which directly satisfies wants, and business consumption which indirectly satisfies wants by providing income to households.
The consumption function shows that consumption is determined by national or factor income. Initially, consumption may exceed income as households borrow from savings. The multiplier concept demonstrates how income is generated through the circular flow of spending as each dollar of income is spent and respent in the economy. The multiplier effect depends on the marginal propensity to consume versus the marginal propensity to save.
Factors like tastes and preferences, population size, income levels, prices, and
Chapter 12 - International Trade Practices and Policies.pptx
The document discusses the evolution of economic systems from self-sufficient barangays and feudal communities to increasingly interdependent global trade. It notes that countries progressed from subsistence agriculture to utilizing trade to gain access to additional goods, technologies, and surplus production. Modern economies rely on international trade as no country can be fully self-sufficient. The growth of world trade has benefited development but developing countries need to diversify exports beyond raw materials to gain more benefits from globalization.
Chapter 3 - An Introduction to Demand and Supply.ppt
This document provides an introduction to demand and supply, including key concepts such as:
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The document discusses the role of central banks in monetary policy and money supply. It covers:
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2) Money supply is determined by bank lending and impacts income through the money multiplier. The central bank, government, foreign flows, taxes, and budget also influence supply.
3) The central bank aims to maintain monetary and financial stability for balanced economic growth. It preserves trust in the currency and is the sole money printer. It uses tools like reserve requirements, rediscounting, open market operations and selective control to implement monetary policy.
Chapter 6 -The Investment Function.pptx
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Chapter 7 - National Income Determination.pptx
The document discusses key concepts in consumption functions and fiscal policy. It defines the consumption function as relating consumption to disposable income, with the marginal propensity to consume indicating the percentage of additional income that will be consumed. It also establishes that savings is the difference between consumption and income. Finally, it introduces fiscal policy as the government using its power to directly or indirectly influence total spending through purchases, taxes, or transfer payments to address periods of deflation or inflation.
Chapter 11 - Fiscal Policy.pptx
Fiscal policy involves a government using tax rates and spending levels to influence and stabilize a nation's economy. It is based on John Maynard Keynes' theory that governments can impact macroeconomic activity by increasing or decreasing taxes and public spending. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and maintain monetary value by using public spending and tax rate changes to stimulate a recession or decrease demand and inflation during boom periods. The challenges for policymakers are deciding how much the government should intervene in the economy to sustain growth while avoiding too much or too little involvement.
Chapter 8 - Labor and Employment.pptx
1) Labor is a key economic resource and unemployment is a major labor problem that arises from conflicts between social realities and ideals in employment.
2) There are several areas of labor problems including unemployment, underemployment, inadequate wages, and poverty. Unemployment refers to willing and able workers who cannot find jobs while underemployment includes those working less hours than desired.
3) Classical economic theories on wages including those of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus postulated that wages would remain at the subsistence level needed for basic living standards.
Chapter 4 - National Income Accounting.ppt
National income accounting provides a framework for macroeconomic models and key statistics about an economy. GDP measures the value of all final goods and services produced domestically over a period of time. GDP can be measured from both the production side as factor payments to labor and capital, and the demand side as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. National income is a closer measure of output available for consumption and is calculated by subtracting depreciation and indirect business taxes from GDP.
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The document defines basic economic terms like goods, factors of production, and types of economic systems. It also describes key economic concepts such as scarcity, opportunity cost, production possibilities frontier, positive and normative economics, tools of economics, and the divisions of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Goods are defined as anything providing satisfaction and are classified as economic, essential, and luxury goods. The four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Economic systems include traditional, command, market, and mixed economies.
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Chapter 2 - The Circular Flow of Economic Activity.pptx
- 1. The Circular Flow of Economic Activity *
- 2. o Production The use of economic resources in the creation of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants. o Employment The use of economic resources in production; engagement in activity. o Consumption The use of economic resources by consumer purchasing or in the production of other goods. *
- 3. oHousehold It is the basic consuming unit. oFirm It is the basic producing unit. *
- 4. o Flow A quantity measured over a particular period of time. o Stock A quantity measured as of a given point in time. o Wealth Anything of value owned. It is a stock. o Income The rate at which we earn money. It is a flow. *
- 5. oThe Circular Flow of the Production Process * Households Producing Units Economic Resources Goods and Services
- 6. oCircular Flow of Goods Among Production Units Raw Materials Firm Consumer Final Goods Firm Intermediate Goods Firm
- 7. oInterrelation Between Production Units and Households Households Resources Resources Resources Raw Material Firm Intermediate Good Firm Final Good Firm
- 8. o The Circular Flow of Goods and Income Among Producers and Households * Households Resources Money Payment for Resources Resources Money Payment for Resources Resources Money Payment for Resources Money Payment for Purchase of Final Goods Final Goods Raw Material Firm Intermediate Good Firm Final Good Firm
- 9. oThe Circular Flow of Income Households Purchases of Goods and Services Producing Units Income Flow of Wages, Interest, Rents
- 10. oCircular Flow of Income Among Production Units Raw Materials Firm Money Payment for Raw Materials Intermediate Goods Firm Final Goods Firm Money Payment for Final Goods Households Money Payment for Intermediate Goods
- 11. o Circular Flow of Physical Goods and Money Income * Economic Resources Money Payment for Purchase of Goods and Services Money Payment for Economic Resources Goods and Services
- 12. o The Circular Flow of Goods and Income of Households and Firms with the Government and Foreign Countries H o u s e h o l d s F o r e i g n C o u n t r i e s Producing Units G o v e r n m e n t Wages, Transfer Payments Taxes Economic Resources Taxes Purchase of Goods and Services Money Payments for Imports Goods and Services Income Payments of Wages, Rent, Dividends, Interests Purchase of Goods and Services Money Payments for Exports Pr o d u c i n g U n i t s
- 13. o Inflows – income that go inside the economy which expand the flow of goods and services. 1. Investment 2. Government Expenditures 3. Exports o Outflows – income that go outside the economy which constrict the flow of goods and services. 1. Savings 2. Taxes 3. Imports *
- 14. o The Circular Flow of Economic Activity Reflecting the Inflows and the Outflows Economic Resources Income Payments of Wages, Rent, Dividends, Interests Purchase of Goods and Services Households Producing Units Goods and Services Imports Foreign Countries Exports Investments Government Banks Expenditures Taxes Savings
- 15. Outflows are difficult to control because they are dependent on income. When income increases, we expect savings, taxes, and imports. Inflows are easier to manipulate. The proper use of policy enables the government to encouragement exports and investments and to increase its expenditures when it desires to expand the flow of economic activity.
- 16. 1. Monetary Policy – affects savings, investments, and money supply. 2. Fiscal Policy – control taxes and government expenditures. 3. Trade Policy – affects a country’s imports and exports. *