Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic
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Fluoroquinolones are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that include ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and norfloxacin. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis through effects on DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Ciprofloxacin is an example that is administered orally or intravenously to treat various bacterial infections. However, bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones has been increasing worldwide. Ciprofloxacin specifically has good oral absorption and bioavailability but can interact with various other drugs if not taken correctly. It is also important to monitor for potential side effects like gastrointestinal issues, rashes, and neurotoxicity with ciprofloxacin use.
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Aminoglycosides
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Sulfonamides
This document discusses sulfonamides, including their history, mechanisms of action, classifications, uses, and adverse effects. It specifically focuses on cotrimoxazole and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine combinations. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is bactericidal and has a wide spectrum of action. It is used for urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections. Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine is also a fixed dose combination that acts synergistically through sequential blockade of protozoal folic acid synthesis, making it effective against chloroquine resistant malaria and toxoplasmosis. Both combinations can cause hypersensitivity reactions and
Cephalosporins - Pharmacology
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They include first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generation drugs with varying spectra of coverage. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and are excreted renally. Common side effects include diarrhea, rash, and nephrotoxicity. Vancomycin and polymyxins have activity against gram-positive and highly resistant gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Tetracyclines have broad-spectrum coverage including MRSA and are bacteriostatic.
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Tetracycline
This document discusses tetracycline antibiotics. It covers their classification, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, administration, adverse drug reactions, uses, drug interactions, and storage. Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics derived from Streptomyces coelicolor bacteria. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and include short, intermediate, and long-acting drugs like tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline. Resistance can develop through enzymatic inactivation, efflux pumps, or ribosomal protection mechanisms.
Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole - drdhriti
A Power point presentation on "Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole" suitable for undergraduate level medical student and others
Cotrimoxazole
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Rifampicin ppt
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
Recommended
Aminoglycosides
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Sulfonamides
This document discusses sulfonamides, including their history, mechanisms of action, classifications, uses, and adverse effects. It specifically focuses on cotrimoxazole and sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine combinations. Cotrimoxazole is a fixed dose combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim that is bactericidal and has a wide spectrum of action. It is used for urinary tract, respiratory, and intestinal infections. Sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine is also a fixed dose combination that acts synergistically through sequential blockade of protozoal folic acid synthesis, making it effective against chloroquine resistant malaria and toxoplasmosis. Both combinations can cause hypersensitivity reactions and
Cephalosporins - Pharmacology
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They include first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generation drugs with varying spectra of coverage. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and are excreted renally. Common side effects include diarrhea, rash, and nephrotoxicity. Vancomycin and polymyxins have activity against gram-positive and highly resistant gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Tetracyclines have broad-spectrum coverage including MRSA and are bacteriostatic.
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Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole - drdhriti
A Power point presentation on "Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole" suitable for undergraduate level medical student and others
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The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Rifampicin ppt
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
Aminoglycosides.pptx
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by soil bacteria. They are primarily used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria and some are used for mycobacterial infections. Aminoglycosides work by binding to bacterial ribosomes which interferes with protein synthesis. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against many gram-negative organisms but limited activity against gram-positive bacteria. Common adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using aminoglycosides to minimize toxicity risks.
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The lectures in points :-
1- quinolones general information.
2-Fluoroquinolones action , side actions & interactions .
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4-Fluroquinolones in the clinical use .
5-Practical tips .
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Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by soil bacteria. They are primarily used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria and some are used for mycobacterial infections. Aminoglycosides work by binding to bacterial ribosomes which interferes with protein synthesis. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against many gram-negative organisms but limited activity against gram-positive bacteria. Common adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using aminoglycosides to minimize toxicity risks.
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This document summarizes information about the anti-malarial drug chloroquine. It discusses chloroquine's classification as a 4-aminoquinoline, pharmacokinetics including rapid absorption and high tissue distribution, and mechanism of action in concentrating in the parasite's food vacuole and preventing heme polymerization. The document also briefly mentions chloroquine's pharmacological effects including its activity against various malaria parasites and infections. Common adverse effects include cardiovascular, CNS, and ocular toxicity with long term use. Chloroquine is used to treat malaria, giardiasis, and certain other infections and inflammatory conditions.
Chloramphenicol
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Quinolones.pptx
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This document provides information on antitubercular drugs used to treat tuberculosis. It discusses first-line drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin that are routinely used. It also discusses second-line drugs used when first-line drugs are ineffective or cannot be tolerated. The document describes the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, resistance mechanisms and adverse effects of various antitubercular drugs. It also discusses treatment considerations for special populations like pregnant women, HIV patients and for chemoprophylaxis.
Salbutamol
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- Macrolides work by attaching to the 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They are bacteriostatic and have selectivity for bacterial over mammalian cells.
- Common macrolides include erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and azithromycin. They are effective against many gram-positive bacteria and some gram-negatives. Azithromycin has the broadest spectrum of activity.
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Quinolones are a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents that act as nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors. Older quinolones like nalidixic acid have limited utility due to resistance. Newer fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin have broad-spectrum activity and are effective orally for many infections with few side effects. Fluoroquinolones target bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and have activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They are generally well-tolerated but can cause gastrointestinal, central nervous system and joint side effects in some cases. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat urinary tract infections, prostatitis,
Fluoroquinolones
The document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that prevent bacterial DNA from duplicating. Fluoroquinolones are derived from quinolones and have an even broader spectrum. They are classified into generations based on their spectrum, with later generations having increased gram-positive and atypical coverage. Fluoroquinolones are generally well-absorbed, penetrate tissues deeply, and have few drug interactions or side effects, making them preferred drugs. However, their overuse has led to increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Fluoroquinolones
The document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Quinolones are a family of synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs that prevent bacterial DNA from duplicating. Fluoroquinolones are derived from quinolones and have an even broader spectrum. They work by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication. First-generation quinolones targeted gram-negative bacteria, while later generations achieved broader coverage including some gram-positives and atypical bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are well-absorbed orally and penetrate tissues well, making them useful for various infections. However, resistance has emerged through mutations and efflux pumps.
Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
Pharmacology of Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
Topics Discussed-
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of Action
3. Antibacterial Spectrum
4. Pharmacokinetics
5. Adverse Effects
6. Drug Interactions
7. Therapeutic Uses
8. Discussion of some fluoroquinolones
A presentation on quinolones
This is a presentation on Quinolones antibiotics. it contains what is quinolones, it's history, chemistry, SAR, Mechanism of Action, bacterial cell & drug targets, classification, Summary of antimicrobial spectrum of quinolones, mechanism of resistance to quinolones, pharmacokinetics, indication, side-effects, adverse effect & available Pharmaceutical preparation of Quinolones in Bangladeshi market.
Quinolones & Fluoroquinolones
Quinolones & Fluoroquinolones
Introduction
History
Anti microbial spectrum
Classification
Mechanism of Action
Resistance
Pharmacokinetics
Therapeutic uses
Adverse Effects
Interactions
Quinolones
Quinolones are a class of antibiotics that includes ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It works by inhibiting the DNA gyrase enzyme and preventing bacterial replication. While generally safe and effective, overuse has led to increasing antibiotic resistance. Alternative treatments include trimethoprim, levofloxacin, and ampicillin. Proper use and public health measures are needed to prevent further development of resistance.
Quinolones fluoroquinolones Pharmacology
The document discusses quinolones and fluoroquinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial drugs. It notes that early quinolones like nalidixic acid had limited usefulness due to low potency and high bacterial resistance. Fluoroquinolones were developed in the 1980s by adding fluorine substitutions, improving potency, spectrum of activity, and tissue penetration. Ciprofloxacin is a prototype fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is well-absorbed orally and concentrated in tissues, with mainly urinary excretion. Adverse effects are generally mild but include gastrointestinal issues, CNS effects, and
IDI_pharmacology_of_antifungal[1] new.ppt
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Pharmacology - Quinolones ,Folic Acids Antagonist ,and urinary tract Antiseptics
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Quinolones and Fluoroquinolone MOA,ADME,Spectrum of activity of Quinolones.
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- 1. CIPROFLOXACIN “Success In Life Is A Result Of Decision. Failure In Life Is A Result Of Decision” Group: WinnerzKlub Inc. Year: 2019
- 2. What are Fluoroquinolones? The fluoroquinolones are synthetic, broad- spectrum agents with bactericidal activity. Examples include: ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, & norfloxacin & ofloxacin. The newer oral quinolones provide an alternative to β-lactams in the treatment of community acquired lower respiratory infections. Related structurally to Nalidixic acid.
- 3. (cont’d): Inhibitors of bacterial DNA synthesis- quinolones ◦ Inhibits cytochrome P450 (CYP₁A₂) Unfortunately, bacterial resistance to quinolones is increasing world-wide, & appropriate use is needed to extend their clinical use.
- 4. Bacterial resistance: Year Resistance 1987 Ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (30-40%) 2007/2008 Ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria meningitidis reported in USA •Enterobacteria •Salmonella spp •Staphylococcus aureus •Vibrio cholerae
- 5. Ciprofloxacin: Is an example of a fluoroquinolone. Is not ototoxic. Ciprofloxacin & moxifloxacin are the only quinolones available for parenteral use. Used in ocular infections. Metabolized in liver and highly dependent on kidneys for excretion.
- 6. Mechanism of action: Interfere with bacterial topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) & topoisomerase IV. ◦ the enzymes involved in the supercoiling of DNA that is necessary for the duplication, transcription & repair of bacterial DNA.
- 7. PARAMETERS: Oral bioavailability is 50-70%. Half-life: 4hours May be used for lower UTIs. Usually administered in dosage of 500ml twice daily. NB: Avoid in childhood and pregnancy & in pts. taking corticosteroids. ◦ Should not be used in pts. with tendonitis.
- 8. ACTIONS: Ciprofloxacin ear drops (0.3%) & eye drops for severe conjunctivitis & bacterial keratitis. Useful in gram (-)ve septicaemia, skin & bone infections, urinary & respiratory tract infections, some sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea & in severe cases of travelers' diarrhea. As alternative (single dose) in meningococcal meningitis
- 9. DRUG INTERACTIONS: DRUG POSSIBLE EFFECTS & MANAGEMENT Antacids, ferrous sulfate or sucralfate May decrease absorption of ciprofloxacin, reducing drug effectiveness. Administer quinolone at least 2hrs before these medications. Theophylline & other xanthines Ciprofloxacin & norfloxacin may inhibit the theophylline metabolism, resulting in increased theophylline plasma concentration & toxicity. Monitor theophylline plasma concentration closely, as dosage adjustments may be required. Thyroxine Decreases absorption of thyroxine from GIT. A 4hrs interval with administration of thyroxine. Iron Forms complexes with iron, reducing overall bioavailability
- 10. Side Effects: Gastric disturbances Photosensitive rashes Occasional neurotoxicity
- 11. Sa Oji: Sources: ◦ Pharmacology for Health Professionals, 4th Ed., B.Bryant & K.Knights. ◦ Clinical Medicine, 8th Ed., Kumar and Clarks.