This document discusses cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. It describes their mechanism of action as inhibiting transpeptidases called penicillin binding proteins, disrupting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. Cephalosporins are divided into five generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases. Each newer generation has increased activity against gram-negative rods and decreased activity against gram-positive cocci. The document provides examples of therapeutic uses, dosages, and adverse effects for each generation of cephalosporins. It highlights that the fifth generation cephalosporin ceftarolinefosamil was approved in 2010 and is effective against methicillin
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
The current slide include the pharmacology og cephalosporins.
Contents
Introduction to Cephalosporins
Classification of Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefotaxime
Cefixime
Cefpodoxime proxetil
Cefepime
Adverse effects of Cephalosporins
Uses of Cephalosporins
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
The current slide include the pharmacology og cephalosporins.
Contents
Introduction to Cephalosporins
Classification of Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Cefuroxime
Cefuroxime axetil
Cefotaxime
Cefixime
Cefpodoxime proxetil
Cefepime
Adverse effects of Cephalosporins
Uses of Cephalosporins
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
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2. CEPHALOSPORINS A class of beta lactam antibiotics They were first isolated from cultures of cephalosporium acremonium
3. Mechanism of action Peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity The final step in synthesis of petidoglycan(Transpeptidation) is fascillitated by transpeptidases(pencillin binding proteins) Cephalosporins competitively inhibit PBP and disrupt synthesis of peptidoglycan These are bactricidal agents
4. Therapeutic uses Pharyngitis Tonsilitis Bronchitis Pneumonia UTI Skin and bone infections(cefazolin and ceftriaxone have good penetration into bone) Meningitis( 3rd generation cephalosporins) Surgical prophylaxis
5. Adverse effects Diarrhea,nausea,vomitting Pain and inflammation at injection site Pseudomembranous colitis Allergic reactions Disulfiram-like effect(cefamandole,cefoperazone)because these block oxidation of alcohol. Bleeding(cefamandole,cefoperazone,ceftriaxone)because these contain MTT side chain(anti vit-k effect) Seroconversion of direct coombs test from negative to positive.
6. Pharmacokinetics Except 1st and some of 2ndgeneration,allcephalosporins are adminsteredparentrally Well distributed in body fluids Crosses placenta and secreted in breast milk. Therapeutic levels in CSF are achieved only with 3rd generation cephalosporins 20-30% bound to plasma proteins 80-90% excreted unchanged in urine Elimination occurs through tubular secretion/glomerular filtration Cefoperazone and ceftriaxone are excreted through bile (can be administered in renal insufficiency)
8. GENERATIONS Cephalosporins are divided into five generation based largely on their Spectrum and Resistance to beta lactamases Each newer generation has increased activity against G-ve rods and decreased activity against G+vecocci
10. Therapeutic uses Pharyngitis Tonsilitis Otitis Pneumonia UTI Skin infections Bone infections (cefazolin) Surgical prophylaxis (cefazolin is drug of choice )
16. Therapeutic uses Gonorrhea(single dose of ceftriaxone;1stline drug) Meningitis ( good penetration in CSF) Sepsis Typhoid (4G ceftriaxone/day for 2 days,then 2G/day for 2 days) Surgical prophylaxis UTI Intra-abdominal infections
22. Ceftarolinefosamil On 29thoctober 2010 ceftaroline was approved by FDA(U.S food and drug administration ) It was added as 5th generation cephalosporin In phase III clinical trials it shown non inferior efficacy with same adverse effects to ceftriaxone.
23. Mechanism of action Same mechanism of action as for other generations While it can bind to and inhibit PBP-2A( PBP produced by MRSA) which is not inhibited by others.