The chloroplast contains structures called thylakoids that are organized into stacks called grana. [1] Thylakoids contain the light-harvesting pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. [2] Chlorophyll is arranged on the thylakoid membranes in the form of discs called lamellae, which stack to form grana and provide a large surface area for light absorption. [3] The stroma surrounding the thylakoids allows different chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis to take place without interfering with each other.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE,NUMBER,SHAPE,SIZE
FUNCTION
TYPES OF CHLOROPLAST PLASTID
CHLOROPHYLLS PIGMENT
ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
1.Chloroplast is first identified by Engelmann in spirogyra.
2.It is the green pigment found in all plant cell.
3.Chloroplast provides food for plants.
4.Chloroplast was first discovered by Schimper (1864).
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
COMPOSITION
STRUCTURE,NUMBER,SHAPE,SIZE
FUNCTION
TYPES OF CHLOROPLAST PLASTID
CHLOROPHYLLS PIGMENT
ROLE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
1.Chloroplast is first identified by Engelmann in spirogyra.
2.It is the green pigment found in all plant cell.
3.Chloroplast provides food for plants.
4.Chloroplast was first discovered by Schimper (1864).
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
The pigment chlorophyll is found inside the chloroplasts, each leaf contains millions of chloroplasts. Inside each one, there are stacks of membranes that hold the chlorophyll molecules.
Photosynthetic pigments are the molecules which capture the photons from solar light. This solar energy further transfers to the NADP and ADP and eventually used in the synthesis of glucose. Thus these pigments play vital role in photosynthesis. The uploaded lesson plan is for teaching photosynthetic pigments to the class 11 students (in India). The duration of the class will be 45 minutes. The reference book is NCERT- biology book for class 11 and the unit is 'Photosynthesis in higher plants'.
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
The pigment chlorophyll is found inside the chloroplasts, each leaf contains millions of chloroplasts. Inside each one, there are stacks of membranes that hold the chlorophyll molecules.
Photosynthetic pigments are the molecules which capture the photons from solar light. This solar energy further transfers to the NADP and ADP and eventually used in the synthesis of glucose. Thus these pigments play vital role in photosynthesis. The uploaded lesson plan is for teaching photosynthetic pigments to the class 11 students (in India). The duration of the class will be 45 minutes. The reference book is NCERT- biology book for class 11 and the unit is 'Photosynthesis in higher plants'.
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of determined toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
# Main Causes of Soil Pollution
# What Diseases Does Pollution Cause
# Soil Pollution and Its Effects
# Methods to control soil pollution
# How soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-generating organel.pdfmalavshah9013
Both the mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-generating organelles. Explain how the
structure of their membrane systems is critical for their functions, emphasizing their similarities
and differences.
Solution
Answer:
Cloroplasts and mitochondria share similarities in many aspects.
Chloroplasts are large organelles that, like mitochondria, are bounded by a double membrane. In
addition to the inner and outer membranes of the envelope, chloroplasts have a third internal
membrane system, called the thylakoid membrane. The thylakoid membrane forms a network of
flattened discs called thylakoids, which are frequently arranged in stacks called grana.
The internal organization of chloroplasts is more complex than that of mitochondria. In
particular, their three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments:
(1) the intermembrane space between the two membranes of the chloroplast envelope
(2) the stroma, which lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane
(3) the thylakoid lumen
Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system- inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes separated by an intermembrane space. The inner membrane forms numerous folds
(cristae) which extend into the interior of the organelle. Each of these components plays distinct
functional roles, with the matrix and inner membrane representing the major working
compartments of mitochondria.
The membranes of chloroplasts have functional similarities with those of mitochondria and the
role of both organelles in the chemiosmotic generation of ATP. The outer membrane of the
chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable
to small molecules. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites,
which are able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.
These properties of the inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope are similar to the
inner and outer membranes of mitochondria. In both cases the inner membrane restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior of the organelle. The chloroplast
stroma is also equivalent in function to the mitochondrial matrix. It contains the chloroplast
genetic system and a variety of metabolic enzymes, including those responsible for the critical
conversion of CO2 to carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
The major difference between chloroplasts and mitochondria, in terms of both structure and
function, is the thylakoid membrane. This membrane is of central importance in chloroplasts,
where it fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the
chemiosmotic generation of ATP.
The inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope (which is not folded into cristae) does not
function in photosynthesis. In contrast, he chloroplast electron transport system is located in the
thylakoid membrane, and protons are pumped across this membrane from the stroma to the
thylakoid lumen.
Photosynthesis is important to living organisms because it is the number one source of oxygen in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth, most organisms would disappear, and Earth’s atmosphere would eventually become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.
2. The chloroplast
• Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a chloroplast as
seen in electron micrographs.
3. Key terms
Granum – A stacked membranous structure within a chloroplast that contains
the chlorophyll and is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoid - A thylakoid is a membrane-bound compartment inside
chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of
photosynthesis.
Lamella – is used to describe numerous plate or disc-like structures at both a
tissue and cellular level. An example of this begin an extension of a thylakoid within a
chloroplast, linking a thylakoid within one granum to one in another. They are the
sites of photosystem one.
Stroma - Stroma, refers to the colourless fluid surrounding the grana within the
chloroplast.
4. Explain the relationship between
the structure of the chloroplast and
its function.
Double membrane This separates the contents of the
chloroplast from the rest of the cell so
there is no interference from the
cytoplasm.
Chloroplasts contain approx 3000 lamellae This increases the surface area available
m cluster for the attachment of extra pigments
molecules.
The shape of the lamellae is disc like. Maximum surface area for the attachment
of enzymes involved in light dependent
reactions.
The stroma surrounding the thylakoids is This is so different chemical reactions can
partitioned off. take place without interference.
Small space inside the thylakoids To enable a concentration gradient of
protons H+
5. Absorption of light
- Visible light is in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.
- Sunlight is a mixture of
different wavelengths of
visible light.
- Plants contain pigments that
absorb light. The main
photosynthetic pigment is
CHLOROPHYLL
