molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
molecular and genetic analysis of floral induction is an integrated approach, taking into consideration various genes involved in the four major pathways of flowering process
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS
• The concept of photoperiodism was given by W.W. Garner & H.A. Allard of the U.S Department of Agriculture, studied flowering in Maryland's mammoth variety of Tobacco plant in 1920.
• ‘PHOTOPERIODISM':-derived from 2 Greek words i.e.,'photos' (light) & periods (length of time).
• With a few exceptions, virtually all organisms (plant & animals) need exposure to light for a given number of hours per day for a variety of growth and reproductive functions. This day length is called PHOTOPERIOD & the phenomenon is called PHOTOPERIODISM.
• The flowering plant comprises 2 phases i.e, vegetative & reproductive.
• Under an appropriate photoperiod, plant switches from vegetative to reproductive phase, responding to the synthesis of flowering hormones & its subsequent translocation to buds. (Bartholomew,1977)
• The effect of daily duration of light hours(& dark periods) on the growth & development of plants, especially flowering is called photoperiodism.
CRITICAL DAY LENGTH
• Critical day length is the photoperiod required to induce flowering.
• It varies from species to species.
• e.g-Xanthium (SDP) requires a critical day length of 15.5hrs (15.5 light/8.5 dark).
• Critical photoperiod mustn't be exceeded in short-day plants & should always be exceeded in long-day plants.
• A single photoperiodic cycle that induces flowering-Inductive cycle & its effect is called Photoperiodic induction.
Depending upon the duration of the photoperiod, plants are classified into 3 categories:
1. Short Day Plants (SDP):
These plants require a relatively short daylight period (usually 8-10 hours) and a continuous dark period of about 14-16 hours for subsequent flowering.E.g.:-Strawberry, coffee, pineapple, etc.
o These plants are also known as long-night-plants.
2. Long day plants (LDP):
These plants require a longer daylight period (usually 14-16 hours) in a 24 hours cycle for subsequent flowering.
o Also called as short night plants.
E.g.:-Apple, passion fruit, etc..
3. A day-neutral plant (DNP):
This plants flower in all photoperiods ranging from 5 hrs to
24 hrs of continuous exposure.
e.g.:- Banana, guava, tomato, brinjal, etc…
-Dual Day Length Plants
Long Short Day Plants(LSDP):
These are short-day plants but must be exposed to long days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- species of Bryophyllum, night jasmine, etc..
Short-Long Day Plants(SLDP):
These are long-day plants but must be exposed to short days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- Wheat (Triticum), Rye (Secale), etc.
-MECHANISM OF PHOTOPERIODISM
-Florigen concept
-Phytochrome concept
-IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM
photoperiodism its discovery,significance,classifications,mechanism,critical day length,quality of light, night break phenomenon,phytochrome.florigen,floering genes, circadian rhythm
flowering is perhaps the most important physiological phenomenon in the life-cycle of higher plants. it is a resultant of a range of internal and external factors, that leads to the activity of a plethora of genes, that leads to the development of flowers
PHOTOPERIODISM IN PLANTS
• The concept of photoperiodism was given by W.W. Garner & H.A. Allard of the U.S Department of Agriculture, studied flowering in Maryland's mammoth variety of Tobacco plant in 1920.
• ‘PHOTOPERIODISM':-derived from 2 Greek words i.e.,'photos' (light) & periods (length of time).
• With a few exceptions, virtually all organisms (plant & animals) need exposure to light for a given number of hours per day for a variety of growth and reproductive functions. This day length is called PHOTOPERIOD & the phenomenon is called PHOTOPERIODISM.
• The flowering plant comprises 2 phases i.e, vegetative & reproductive.
• Under an appropriate photoperiod, plant switches from vegetative to reproductive phase, responding to the synthesis of flowering hormones & its subsequent translocation to buds. (Bartholomew,1977)
• The effect of daily duration of light hours(& dark periods) on the growth & development of plants, especially flowering is called photoperiodism.
CRITICAL DAY LENGTH
• Critical day length is the photoperiod required to induce flowering.
• It varies from species to species.
• e.g-Xanthium (SDP) requires a critical day length of 15.5hrs (15.5 light/8.5 dark).
• Critical photoperiod mustn't be exceeded in short-day plants & should always be exceeded in long-day plants.
• A single photoperiodic cycle that induces flowering-Inductive cycle & its effect is called Photoperiodic induction.
Depending upon the duration of the photoperiod, plants are classified into 3 categories:
1. Short Day Plants (SDP):
These plants require a relatively short daylight period (usually 8-10 hours) and a continuous dark period of about 14-16 hours for subsequent flowering.E.g.:-Strawberry, coffee, pineapple, etc.
o These plants are also known as long-night-plants.
2. Long day plants (LDP):
These plants require a longer daylight period (usually 14-16 hours) in a 24 hours cycle for subsequent flowering.
o Also called as short night plants.
E.g.:-Apple, passion fruit, etc..
3. A day-neutral plant (DNP):
This plants flower in all photoperiods ranging from 5 hrs to
24 hrs of continuous exposure.
e.g.:- Banana, guava, tomato, brinjal, etc…
-Dual Day Length Plants
Long Short Day Plants(LSDP):
These are short-day plants but must be exposed to long days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- species of Bryophyllum, night jasmine, etc..
Short-Long Day Plants(SLDP):
These are long-day plants but must be exposed to short days during early periods of growth for subsequent flowering.
e.g.:- Wheat (Triticum), Rye (Secale), etc.
-MECHANISM OF PHOTOPERIODISM
-Florigen concept
-Phytochrome concept
-IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOPERIODISM
photoperiodism its discovery,significance,classifications,mechanism,critical day length,quality of light, night break phenomenon,phytochrome.florigen,floering genes, circadian rhythm
this presentation contains briefing of the chapter as per NCERT syllabus in details that contains photosynthesis process, early experiments, photosynthetic pigments,photophosphorylation, light reactions and dark reactions n factors affecting photsynthesis.
this presentation describes light phase of photosynthesis. it explains Evidences for two phases, Photosynthetic unit & Harvesting of light energy, Emerson effect &two photosystem, Hill reaction & Photolysis /photo-oxidation of water, Redox potential & mechanism of light reaction, Cyclic photophosphorylation, Non- cyclic photophosphorylation .
Compilation of various notes
Define what is photosynthesis
Explain the light dependent reactions
Explain the Calvin cycle
Define what is photorespiration
Compare the photorespiration in C3, C4 and CAM plants
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
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1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. Photosynthesis – synthesis using light
General Equation :
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Mesophyll – most active photosynthetic tissue
Photosynthetic Reactions:
1. Thylakoid reactions
2. Carbon fixation reactions
3. Nature of Light
1. Light is both a particle and wave.
photon – particle
quantum – amount of energy of light
wavelength – distance between crests
frequency – no. of wave crests per unit time
5. Absorption spectrum – a display of the amount
of light energy taken up by a molecule as a
function of the wavelength of light
Visible region –what our eyes are sensitive to
Short wavelength – high frequency, high energy
Long wavelength – low frequency , low energy
8. Change in Electronic State
Upon Absorption of Light Energy:
Chl + hv Chl*
Pathways for Excited Chlorophyll to dispose its
energy :
1. Fluorescence – re-emit a photon
2. Direct convertion to heat ; no emission of
photon
3. Energy transfer
4. Photochemistry – energy causes occurence
of chemical reactions
12. Energy Transfer during Photosynthesis
Resonance transfer – excitation energy is conveyed from
the chlorophyll that absorbs the light to the reaction center
14. Light Reactions : Concepts
Quantum Yield – number of photochemical
products per total number of
quanta absorbed
Hill reactions : Robert Hill
In the light, isolated chloroplast thylakoids reduce a
variety of compounds, eg. Iron salts
Enhancement effect : Robert Emerson
The rate of photosynthesis was greater when red
and far-red light were given together than the sum
of their individual rates
16. Photosystems I and II : Differences
1. PS l produces a strong reductant, capable of
reducing NADP, and a weak oxidant.
2. PS ll produces a very strong oxidant, capable of
oxidizing water, and a weaker reductant than he
one produced by PS l
3. PS l : found in the stroma lamella and edges of
grana lamella
PS ll : predominantly located in the grana
lamella
Oxygenic organisms – Oxygen-evolving organisms
20. Photochemical Event
1. Transfer of an electron from the chlorophyll
to an acceptor molecule:
chlorophyll is in oxidized state – electron
deficient
Acceptor is in reduced state – electron rich
2. Water is oxidized to Oxygen by PS ll
2 H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4 e-
protons – released into lumen of thylakoid,
to stroma by ATP synthase
21. 3. Pheophytin and 2 Quinones accept electrons
4. Electrons flow through Cytochromes b6f
complex
5. Plastoquinone and Plastocyanin carry
electrons between PS ll and l
6. PS l Reaction Center Reduces NADP
Interference in Photosynthetic Electron Flow:
Herbicides : DCM (dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea)
Paraquat
24. Calvin Cycle : Stages
1. Carboxylation:
CO2 + RuBP 3- Phosphoglycerate
2. Reduction of 3- Phosphoglycerate to form
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor , RuBP
26. Rubisco- Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
enzyme
Competition:O2and CO2 for the substrate Ribulose
bisphosphate
Effect : Limits net CO2 fixation
Autocatalytic- regeneration of biochemical
intermediates
Stoichiometry :
1/6 – for sucrose or starch production
5/6 – for regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate
27. Regulation of the Calvin Cycle:
1. Light-dependent enzyme activation
Rubisco, NADP:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase;fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase,
Sedoheptulose-1,7—bisphosphatase,
ribulose-5-phosphate kinase
2. Increases in Rubisco activity due to light
3. Light-dependent ion movements
4. Light-dependent membrane transport
28. Photorespiration
Oxygenation – combination of Rubisco with
Oxygen instead of CO2.
- results to CO2 loss
Rise in temperature effect:
decrease in CO2 relative to O2
enhances the kinetic properties of Rubisco
32. C4 Metabolism
1. CO2 fixation by PEP in mesophylly to form a
C4 acid ( malate or aspartate)
2. Transport of C4 acids to bundle sheath cells
3. Decarboxylation of C4 acids within bundle
sheath cells and generation of CO2 which is
brought to Calvin cycle.
4. Transport of the C3 acid back to the
mesophyll
34. Advantage of C4 pathway
1. Concentrates CO2 in the bundle sheath cells
C4 Plants : Grasses, sugarcane, maize
2. Reduces photorespiration
35. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
-enables plants to improve water use efficiently
1 g CO2: 400 to 500 g water loss forC3 and C4
: 50 to 100 g water los for CAM plants
Temporal and spatial separation : formation of
C4 acids
36. Physiological and Ecological Considerations
of Photosynthesis
• Important Metabolic Steps for Optimum
Photosynthesis:
1. Rubisco activity = low CO2; High light Intensity
2. Regeneration of RuBP = High CO2 ; Low Light
3. Metabolism of Triose Phosphates
Light Parameters:
1. Spectral quality 3. Direction of Light
2. Amount of Light