The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that conducts photosynthesis
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
what is photosynthesis?-history background-photosynthetic pigmment system-light harvesting complex-photo oxidation of water-photophosphorylation and mechanism of electron transport
This is a summary of a presentation our CEO has given at Northwestern University, Chicago - U.S.A. in 2003. Many aspects of protein targeting and membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells are discussed.
Tags: Gokay-BIOTECH, K.Erden Gokay, Cell Biology, protein sorting, endotubin
Light harvesting mechanism in bacteria and Regulation of cam through transpor...NehaSinha172
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a photo-biochemical reaction which is mediated through the absorption of light energy .
The light energy is absorbed photosynthetic pigments in plants .
These pigments have capacity to absorb light of certain wavelength & reflect light of other wavelengths & imparting different colours to different pigments .
The colour of the specific pigment indicates the wavelength reflected by the pigment .
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
This dark CO2 fixation pathway is proposed by Ting (1971).
It is operational in Succulent Xerophytes like Cactus , Sedum , Agave , Pineapple , Bryophyllum etc.
The stomata of succulent plants remain closed during day & open during night to avoid water loss (i.e. Scotactive stomata ).
They store CO2 during night is used in Calvin cycle during day time .
Succulents refix CO2 during respiration & use it during photosynthesis .
Since this diurnal change in acidity was first discovered in Crassulacean plants e.g. Bryophyllum it is called as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.
The formation of Malic acid during dark is called Acidification/ phase I
Release of CO2 for actual photosynthesis during day is called Deacidification/ Phase II
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
This PowerPoint presentation focuses on capturing the energy in light and the Calvin Cycle. Colorful diagrams and illustrations appear throughout the presentation and the following topics are addressed:
* Plant Cell Structure
* Photosynthesis Equations
* Biochemical Pathways
* 5 Steps of the Electron Transport System
* 3 Steps of the Calvin Cycle
This presentation was created by Stacey Odum in Richmond County, GA.
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
This is a summary of a presentation our CEO has given at Northwestern University, Chicago - U.S.A. in 2003. Many aspects of protein targeting and membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells are discussed.
Tags: Gokay-BIOTECH, K.Erden Gokay, Cell Biology, protein sorting, endotubin
Light harvesting mechanism in bacteria and Regulation of cam through transpor...NehaSinha172
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a photo-biochemical reaction which is mediated through the absorption of light energy .
The light energy is absorbed photosynthetic pigments in plants .
These pigments have capacity to absorb light of certain wavelength & reflect light of other wavelengths & imparting different colours to different pigments .
The colour of the specific pigment indicates the wavelength reflected by the pigment .
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
This dark CO2 fixation pathway is proposed by Ting (1971).
It is operational in Succulent Xerophytes like Cactus , Sedum , Agave , Pineapple , Bryophyllum etc.
The stomata of succulent plants remain closed during day & open during night to avoid water loss (i.e. Scotactive stomata ).
They store CO2 during night is used in Calvin cycle during day time .
Succulents refix CO2 during respiration & use it during photosynthesis .
Since this diurnal change in acidity was first discovered in Crassulacean plants e.g. Bryophyllum it is called as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.
The formation of Malic acid during dark is called Acidification/ phase I
Release of CO2 for actual photosynthesis during day is called Deacidification/ Phase II
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of RNA replica.- Source: Wikipedia
Translational proofreading and translational inhibitorsShritilekhaDash
Translation proofreading is often the final stage of a translation process.
Transcription creates a complementary RNA copy of a DNA sequence and translation is the subsequent process where RNA is used to synthesize the actual protein from amino acids. Inhibition of this translation step has the effect of blocking protein production and ultimately its function.
This PowerPoint presentation focuses on capturing the energy in light and the Calvin Cycle. Colorful diagrams and illustrations appear throughout the presentation and the following topics are addressed:
* Plant Cell Structure
* Photosynthesis Equations
* Biochemical Pathways
* 5 Steps of the Electron Transport System
* 3 Steps of the Calvin Cycle
This presentation was created by Stacey Odum in Richmond County, GA.
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
Photosynthetic organelle and its role in crop improvementSushrutMohapatra
Chloroplasts are organelles specializing in the conversion of radiant energy to chemical energy. The chloroplast is involved in photosynthesis and consequently cells that contain chloroplasts are autotrophic, which means that they are able to make their own food from inorganic molecules by using the radiant energy of sunlight. The chloroplast converts the radiant energy of the sun into chemical energy by producing organic matter from carbon dioxide and water. The individual reactions of photosynthesis span times from femtoseconds to hours and can be divided into two major groups, reactions that require light directly and reactions that do not require light directly. Chloroplasts contain the single most important pigment on earth, i.e., chlorophyll. They impart the characteristic green colour to plants and carry out photosynthesis, the ultimate source of all organic compounds. Chloroplasts are typically biconvex lens-shaped of about 5 u diameter and 3 µ thickness. However, they exhibit a large variation is size and shape. An average cell may have 20-40 chloroplasts. but some algae, e.g. Chlamydomonas, have a single chloroplast per cell. The average chemical composition of chloroplasts may be as follows: protein 50-59 per cent, lipid 21-34 per cent, chlorophyll 5-8 per cent. carotenoids 0.7-1.1 per cent, RNA 1-7.5 per cent, and DNA 0.2-1 per cent. Chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules are associated with chloroplast thylakoid membranes.
It is a process used by plants & other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can be later used by organisms as a fuel. i.e; energy transformation
WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?, IMPORTANCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF LEAF ADVANTAGE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS,LEAVES AND LEAF STRUCTURE,CHLOROPHYLL, TYPES OF REACTIONS, LIGHT REACTION AND DARK REACTION, CYCLIC AND NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPORYLATION, MECAHANISM OF ATP SYNTHESIS, SCHEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LIGHT REACTION, CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM), C3 AND C4 PLANTS, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, INTERNAL FACTORS AND EXTERNAL FACTORS,
Bioenergetics is an important domain in biology. This presentation has explored ATP production and its optimum utilization in biological systems along with certain theories and experiments to give a bird's eye view of this important issue.
MITOCHONDRIA ,STRUCTURE ,Mt DNA ,PROTEIN TRANSPORT,ETC,OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATIONLIFE SCIENCES
introduction, structure , functions,how proteins are transported into mitochondria,functions,electron transport chain,oxidative phosphorylation with animated videos
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. CHLOROPLAST
by Bibrita Bhar
M. Sc. 1st year student of
School of Biotechnology
Madurai Kamaraj
University
HOUSE OF
PLANTPHOTOSYNTHETIC
MACHINERY
2. INTRODUCTION
The term Chloroplast was first described by Nehemiah Grew and
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.
“Chloro” means green while“ Plast” means living.
Chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast imparts the
green colour to plants.
Chloroplasts are present in plants and other eukaryotic organisms
that conducts photosynthesis.
3. INTRODUCTION
Responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria.
Chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they
perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.
Chloroplasts synthesize amino acids, fatty acids, and the lipid components of
their own membranes.
The reduction of nitrite (NO2
-) to ammonia (NH3), an essential step in the
incorporation of nitrogen into organic compounds, also occurs in chloroplasts.
4. STRUCTURE
Plant chloroplasts are large organelles (5 to 10 μm long).
Chloroplast envelope: 1) the inner membrane 2)outer membranes and 3)thylakoid membrane.
The thylakoid membrane forms a network of flattened discs called thylakoids, which are frequently
arranged in stacks called grana. Because of this three-membrane structure, the internal organization of
chloroplasts is more complex than that of mitochondria.
The three membranes divide chloroplasts into three distinct internal compartments: (1) the
intermembrane space between the two membranes of the chloroplast envelope; (2) the stroma, which
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane; and (3) the thylakoid lumen.
Chloroplasts are highly structured, membrane-rich organelles.
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoids
Granum
Stroma
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoids
Granum
Stroma
5. STRUCTURE
Distinctive composition of
lipid of thylakoid
membrane: only 10%
phospholipids; the majority,
80%, are uncharged mono- and
digalactosyl diacylglycerols,
and the remaining 10% are the
sulfolipids sulfoquinovosyl
diacylglycerols (quinovose is 6-
deoxyglucose).
The acyl chains of these lipids
have a high degree of
unsaturation, which gives the
thylakoid membrane a highly
fluid character.
6. CHLOROPLAST GENOME
Like mitochondria, chloroplasts
contain their own genetic system,
reflecting their evolutionary origins
from photosynthetic bacteria.
The genomes of chloroplasts consist
of circular DNA molecules present in
multiple copies per organelle.
Chloroplast genomes are larger and
more complex than those of
mitochondria, ranging from 120 to
160 kb and containing approximately
120 genes..
Function Number of
genes
Genes for the genetic
apparatus
rRNAs (23S, 16S, 5S, 4.5S) 4
tRNAs 30
Ribosomal proteins 21
RNA polymerase subunits 4
Genes for photosynthesis
Photosystem I 5
Photosystem II 12
Cytochrome bf complex 4
ATP synthase 6
Ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase
1
7. CHLOROPLAST GENOME
The chloroplast genome encodes approximately 30 proteins
that are involved in photosynthesis, including components of
photosystems I and II, of the cytochrome bf complex, and of
ATP synthase.
In addition, one of the subunits of ribulose bisphosphate
carboxylase (rubisco) is encoded by chloroplast DNA. Rubisco
is the critical enzyme that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate during the Calvin cycle.
Not only is it the major protein component of the chloroplast
stroma, but it is also thought to be the single most abundant
protein on Earth, so it is noteworthy that one of its subunits is
encoded by the chloroplast genome.
8. CHLOROPLAST & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Photosynthesis occurs in two distinct phases:
1. The light reactions, which use light energy to generate NADPH and ATP.
The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve processes that resemble
mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation.
In photosynthetic prokaryotes, which lack chloroplasts, the light reactions take place in the
cell’s inner membrane or in highly invaginated structures derived from it called
chromatophores.
2. The dark reactions, actually light-independent reactions, which use NADPH and ATP
to drive the synthesis of carbohydrate from CO2 and H2O.
In eukaryotes, the dark reactions occur in the stroma through a cyclic series of enzyme-
catalyzed reactions.
9. Light reactions occur in
the thylakoids (PSII) and
stroma lamella (PSI).
Dark reactions occur
in the stroma
10. Chlorophylls a and b
Ring structure in “head”
(absorbs light)
Tail
When a photon strikes its energy
can be transferred to an electron
in the “head” region. The
electron is excited, raised to a
higher electron shell, with greater
potential energy
PRINCIPLE PHOTORECEPTOR
11. LHC light harvesting complex
LHCI, PSI, and ATP
synthase are all in the
stroma lamella or on the
edge of a grana
ORGANISATION OF FOUR MAJOR PROTIENS
12. Protons diffuse to the site of ATP synthase
Transfer of electrons and protons in the thylakoid membrane
13. CHEMIOSMOTIC GENERATION OF ATP IN CHLOROPLASTS AND
MITOCHONDRIA
In terms of its role in generation
of metabolic energy, the
thylakoid membrane of
chloroplasts is thus equivalent
to the inner membrane of
mitochondria. The inner
membrane of the chloroplast
envelope does not function in
photosynthesis.
Instead, the chloroplast ETC is
located in the thylakoid
membrane, and protons are
pumped across this membrane
from the stroma to the thylakoid
lumen. The resulting
electrochemical gradient then
drives ATP synthesis as protons
cross back into the stroma.
14. GENERATION OF ATP IN CHLOROPLASTS AND ATP SYNTHASE
Ion concentration
differences and electric
potential differences across
membranes are a source of
energy that can be utilized
As a result of the light
reactions the stroma has
become more alkaline
(fewer H+ ions) and the
lumen more acid (more H+
ions)
Hydrophilic
Hydrophobic
The internal stalk and
much of the enzyme
complex located in the
membrane rotates during
catalysis.
The enzyme is actually a
tiny molecular motor
15. PROTEIN IMPORT INTO THE CHLOROPLAST STROMA
Proteins are targeted for import into
chloroplasts by a transit peptide at their
amino terminus. The transit peptide
directs polypeptide translocation
through the Toc complex in the
chloroplast outer membrane and the
Tic complex in the chloroplast inner
membrane. This peptide is then
removed by proteolytic cleavage within
the stroma. Both cytosolic and
chloroplast chaperones (Hsp60 and
Hsp70) are required for protein import.
16. PROTEIN IMPORT INTO THE CHLOROPLAST LUMEN
Proteins are imported into the
thylakoid lumen in two steps.
The first step is import into the
chloroplast stroma. Cleavage of
the transit peptide then exposes
a second hydrophobic signal
sequence, which directs protein
translocation across the
thylakoid membrane.