This document provides an overview of electrolytes, acids, and bases. It defines key terms like ionization, electrolytes, acids, and bases. It explains that electrolytes dissociate into ions in water, allowing their solutions to conduct electricity. Acids donate hydrogen ions in water, while bases donate hydroxide ions. A neutralization reaction occurs when an acid and base react, forming water and a salt. Examples of important uses of acids and bases in the body and medicine are also provided.

1. Chemistry & Physics
UNIT 6A: ELECTROLYTES

2. Chemistry
Periodic table
Chemical reaction
Matter
Atoms
Chemical bonding
Electrolytes
Hydrocarbons
Organic chemistry

3. PreQuiz (1)
1. Define “ionization”:
a) substance conducts electricity; b) substance requires positive/negative charge; c) Net charge of ions is 0
2. Ca2+ is required for
a) enzymes; b) DNA/RNA; c) bones and teeth
3. An example of an electrolyte is a(n)
a) acid; b) base; c) salt
4. Define “acid”:
a) substance that yields H+ ions in water; b) substance that yields OH- ions in water; c) substance that yields
salt in water
5. Weak acids
a) conduct no electricity when ionized in water; b) completely ionize in water; c) partially ionize in water
6. Which of the following compounds is used to treat excess of stomach acid
a) CaCO3; b) NaCl; c) HCl
7. An example of a base is
a) vinegar; b) soda; c) sodium chloride
8. Bases are less dangerous than acids in term of skin contact
a) true; b) false; c) who cares
9. The reaction between an acid and base is called
a) equilibrium; b) hydrolysis; c) neutralization

4. Learning activities (1)
• Electrolytes
– Define common terms
• Acids, bases, neutralization
– Understand theory of ionization
– Identify ions important to human body
– Explain properties of acids and bases
– Write a neutralization reaction
– Discuss the use of acids and bases in body

5. Electrolytes
DISSOCIATION
IONIZATION

6. Definitions
• Definition: Ionization
– Substance acquires negative/positive charge by gaining/losing electrons
(UNIT 4: Ion formation)
– In water: substance breaks up into ions  Na+ and Cl-
• Definition: Electrolyte
– Substance that undergoes ionization
– In water: solution of electrolyte conducts energy
– Examples: Salts, acids, bases
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 11
Salt (NaCl) in water (H2O)
“Ionization of an electrolyte”

7. Ionization
• Equilibrium
– Between ionic compound (NaCl) and free ions (Na+ + Cl-)
• Dissociation
– Separation of ions (separation of Na+ and Cl-)
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 11
Ionic compound, crystal lattic
Does not conduct electricity
Free ions in water solution
Does conduct electricity

8. Theory of ionization
• Svante Arrhenius (1887)
Behavior of electrolytes in solution:
1. Electrolytes in water: break up into ions
(ionization)
2. Ions can have a positive or negative charge
3. Negative + positive charges = zero
(molecules are neutral)
4. Solutions of electrolytes conduct electricity
(because of ions)
5. Nonelectrolytes do not conduct electricity
(because no ions)
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 11

9. Strong vs. Weak electrolytes
• Some electrolytes conduct more electricity than other…?
• Strong electrolytes
– Dissociates (breaks up) completely into ions (no equilibrium)
• Weak electrolytes
– Disocciates only partially (equilibrium)
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 11

10. Important ions
Ion Symbol Function
Calcium Ca2+ Necessary for clotting blood, digestion, formation of bones and
teeth, action of muscle (heart)
Iron Fe2+ Necessary for formation of hemoglobin and cytochromes
Sodium Na+ Extracellular postive ion
Potassium K+ Intracellular positive ion
Chloride Cl- Negative ion
Bicarbonate HCO3
- Extracellular negative ion and blood buffer
Iodide I- Present in hormones
Ammonium NH4
+ Maintaining acid-base balance
Phosphate PO4
3- Necessary for formation of bones and teeth
Magnesium Mg2+ Activator for many enzyme systems
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 11

11. Acids and bases
HYDROGEN BONDING
PH VALUE
TITRATION
NEUTRALIZATION

12. Acids (1)
• Substance that yield hydrogen ions (H+) in water
• Common in daily live
– Fruits
– Vinegar
– Soft drinks
– Body
Citric acid
Acetic acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12
Sour taste!

13. Acids (2)
• Acids donate/yield hydrogen ions (H+) in water
– Strong acids: completely ionized in water
– Weak acids: partially ionized in water
– Diprotic acid: Donate two protons per molecule
hydrogen ion: proton
equilibrium
Monoprotic acids
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12

14. Antacids
• Stomach secrets acid (digestion of proteins)
– Hyperacidity: high HCl concentration
– Hypoacidity: low HCl concentration
• Hypoacidity
– Dilute HCl to overcome deficiency
• Hyperacidity
– Antacids: react with excess stomach acid
– TUMS®: CaCO3
acid antacid salt gas water
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12
also used to treat peptic ulcer
by decreasing stomach acids

15. Dangerous
• Strong acids
– Aggresive chemicals (corrosive)
– Attack clothing
– Damage tissues (skin burn)
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12
 Wash with water
 Treat with NaHCO3
(to neutralize)

16. Medical use of acids
• Medical importance
– Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• Treat hypoacidity
– Nitric acid (HNO3)
• Test presence of albumin (protein) in urine
– Di/tri-chloroacetic acid (C2H2Cl2O2/C₂HCl₃O₂)
• Remove warts
– Hypochlorous acid (HClO)
• Disinfect floors and walls hospital
– Boric acid (H3BO3)
• Has been used as germicide (to kill microbes)
– Acetylsalicyclic acid (aspirin)
• Analgesic (painkiller) and antipyric (against fever)
– Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
• Prevents vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)

17. Bases (1)
• Substance that yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
• Common in daily live
– Soap
– Houshold ammonia
– Baking soda
– Bleach
Sodium
hydoxide
Sodium
bicarbonate
Ammonium
hydroxide
Sodium
hypochloride
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12
Bitter taste, slippery feeling

18. Bases (2)
• Bases yield hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
• More general: bases accept hydrogen ions (H+) in water
yields hydroxide ion
equilibrium
accepts proton
accepts proton
Strong base
Weak base

19. Dangerous
• Strong bases
– Damages tissues (react with proteins/fats)
– Serious skin burn
– So: do not wash diapers with strong soap
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12
 Wash with water

20. Medical use of bases
• Medical importance
– Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• Soap
– Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)
• Overcome excess stomach acidity (antacid)
• Antidote to oxalic acid poisening
– Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)
• Antacid for stomach
• Laxative
– Spirits of ammonia (NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3)
• Heart and respiratory stimulant
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12

21. Neutralization reactions
• Acid reacts with base (alkali) to form water and salt:
• Net equation (simplified view):
• Example: “Antacids that neutralize stomach acid”
“NEUTRALIZATION”
Acid neutralizes Base
Base neutralizes Acid
Proton
(acid)
Hydroxide
(alkali)
Water
Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 12

22. Acid and base
EXPERIMENT 003
Title: Vinegar Vulcano
Topic: Acid/base reactions
1. Place a tablespoon of the baking soda
into glass
2. Add a few drops of water
3. Pour in a dash of the vinegar and
watch the reaction taking place
4. Repeat the experiment, while adding
a few drops of soap detergent to the
soda/water mixture

23. What’s happening?
• What is the reason of the foam formation?
– Neutralization reaction: acid + base  water + salt (+ gas)
– CO2 that is formed creates the foam (as in a glass of coke)
– Soap detergent: traps bubbles  stable foam

24. PostQuiz (1)
1. Define “ionization”:
a) substance conducts electricity; b) substance requires positive/negative charge; c) Net charge of ions is 0
2. Ca2+ is required for
a) enzymes; b) DNA/RNA; c) bones and teeth
3. An example of an electrolyte is a(n)
a) acid; b) base; c) salt
4. Define “acid”:
a) substance that yields H+ ions in water; b) substance that yields OH- ions in water; c) substance that yields
salt in water
5. Weak acids
a) conduct no electricity when ionized in water; b) completely ionize in water; c) partially ionize in water
6. Which of the following compounds is used to treat excess of stomach acid
a) CaCO3; b) NaCl; c) HCl
7. An example of a base is
a) vinegar; b) soda; c) sodium chloride
8. Bases are less dangerous than acids in term of skin contact
a) true; b) false; c) who cares
9. The reaction between an acid and base is called
a) equilibrium; b) oxidation; c) neutralization

25. The End