Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to ChemPhys Unit 1: Matter
ChemPhys Unit 1: Matter
- 1. Chemistry & Physics UNIT1: MATTER
- 2. Some rules • Listenwhen others are talking • Show respect for other opinions • If you don’t understand, don’t hesitate to ask (raise hand) • No cellphones in the class room • Full participation is asked
- 3. Chemistry Matter Atoms Periodic table Chemical bonding Chemicalreaction Electrolytes Hydrocarbons Organic chemistry
- 4. Physics Gases Liquids Solutions Energy HeatForce & Motion Light& Vision Sound & Hearing Electricity
- 5. Course content • Theory –Chemistry for the Health Sciences – G.I. Sackheim & D.D. Lehman – Applied Science for Nurses– I.M. Hofmeyr • Practice: demonstrations in laboratory science – Chemical reactions – Physical processes • Tests • Assignments • Final examination
- 6.
- 7. Today • Chemistry versusPhysics – Chemical and physical change • Matter – Mass and weight – Units – Conservation of mass • States of matter – Solid, liquid, gas – Change of state – Properties • Composition of matter – Elements, compounds, mixtures
- 8.
- 9. Chemical & physicalchange • CHEMISTRY – Change: “Formation of new substances” “Making/breaking atomic bonds” – Chemical reactions • CHEMISTRY PHYSICS – Boiling water in a pan • Physics: water becomes gas, but molecules are still the same – Burning glucose in your body • Chemistry: water and carbon dioxide are formed – Milk became sour • Chemistry: sour-tasting lactic acid is formed – Dissolving sugar in hot tea • Physics: sugar molecules dispersed in water, but molecules are still the same • PHYSICS – Change: “No new substances” “Rearrangement of molecules” – Physical processes
- 10. What is matter •Topic of today: MATTER – Anything that occupies space – With a specific mass (weight) Matter that we CANNOT see or feel Matter that we CAN see or feel Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 11. Mass vs Weight •Daily life: Mass is referred to as Weight • Science: Mass is not the same as Weight – Mass = amount of matter in an object • Constant – Weight = force experienced by an object due to gravity (depends on pull of gravity) • Varies per “location” Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 1
- 12. Units • SI system –To measure quantities – International system for units • Fundamental units – Length: meter (m) – Mass: kilogram (kg) • Or gram (1000 g = 1 kg) – Time: seconds (s) • Not minutes, hours, days – Temperature: Kelvin (K) • Absolute zero, “brrrrrrrrr” • Not degrees Celcius (K = °C + 273) • Derived units – Volume: m3 • Or liter (1 m3 = 1000 L) • Derived from length • Units in medicine – Length: meter (m) – Mass: gram (g) – Volume: liter (L) Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 1
- 13. Prefixes Prefix Abbreviation Decimal Expression Exponential Expression megaM 1.000.000 106 kilo k 1.000 103 hekto h 100 102 deka da 10 101 - - 1 100 deci d 0.1 10-1 centi c 0.01 10-2 milli m 0.001 10-3 micro μ (or mc) 0.000001 10-6 nano n 0.000000001 10-9 Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 1
- 14. Conversions • Mass – 1g = 10 dg = 100 cg = 1000 mg – 1 kg = 1000 g • Length – 1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm – 1 kg = 1000 m • Volume – 1 L = 10 dL = 100 cL = 1000 mL – 1 kL = 1000 L = 1 m3 Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 1
- 15. Conservation of mass •Ancient Greek philosophy (500 BC) – “Nothing comes from nothing” – Early statement referring to… • …Law of conservation of mass (1774) – “During chemical reaction mass is neither created nor destroyed” – Mass before reaction (reactants) = Mass after reaction (products) Antoine Lavoisier Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 16.
- 17. Solid • Piece ofgold = solid – Definite shape • Cannot be changed easily – Definite volume • Cannot be changed easily – Particles are tightly packed (motion is restricted) Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2 No flow
- 18. Liquid • Pint ofbeer = liquid – No definite shape • Can be poured from one glass to the other • Beer assumes shape of new glass – Definite volume • Volume of beer remains the same regardless of glass – Particles close together (motion is less restricted) Flow Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 19. Gas • When finished…empty bottle of beer filled with air = gas – No definite shape • Gas can be transfered from one bottle to another – No definite volume • More air can be forced in bottle – Particles are far from apart (motion is unrestricted) • Low density Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 20. Solid, gas, liquid •Definite shape • Definite volume • Particles tightly packed • No flow possibe • Incompressible • Expand slightly if heated • No definite shape • Definite volume • Particle close together • Flow possible • Incompressible • Expand slightly if heated • No definite shape • No definite volume • Particle far apart (low density) • Compressible • Expand greatly if heated Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 21. Changes of state Sackheim’sChemistry: Chapter 2 Physical changes • All about change in motion of particles – Melting/freezing – Evaporation/condensation – Sublimation • T-t diagram – Phase changes • Constant temperature • Change the state: chemistry of physics?
- 22. Properties • Distinguish materials:Properties – Identification – Sugar versus salt? • Physical properties – Tells what a substance is – e.g. color, odor, taste, solubility, density, hardness, melting point • Chemical properties – Tells what a substance does – e.g. reacting in air, reacting in acid, burning in flame Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 23.
- 24. Elements • Building blocksof matter: Elements – “cannot be broken down into any simpler substance” – Classification in two groups… • Classification – Metals • Conduct heat/electricity • Shiny surface, reflect light • High tensile strength • Easily processable • Solid or liquid at RT • Elements identified by Symbols – Abbreviation of English name – Abbreviation of Latin name Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2 – Nonmetals • Do not conduct heat/electricity very well • Not shiny, seldom reflect light • Frequently brittle • Not processable • Solid, liquid or gaseous at RT
- 25. Elements of humanlife (1) Element Symbol Function Oxygen O Required for water and organic compounds Carbon C Required for organic compounds Hydrogen H Required for water and organic compounds Nitrogen N Required for organic compounds, proteins Sulfur S Required for organic compounds, proteins Calcium Ca Required for bones, teeth, necessary for enzymes, nerve musle functions, hormonal action, cellular motility, clotting of blood Phosphorus P Required for bones, teeth, necessary for high-energy compounds, proteins, DNA/RNA, phospholipids Magnesium Mg Required for many enzymes, necessary for energy reactions Sodium Na Positive extracellular ion Potassium K Positive intracellular ion Chlorine Cl Negative ions Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 26. Elements for humanlife (2) Element Symbol Function Iodine I Required for hormones Fluorine F Required for bones, teeth, inhitor of enzymes Iron Fe Required for hemoglobin, enzymes Copper Cu Required for enzymes, hemoglobin, bone formation Zinc Zn Required for enzymes, related to action of insulin, essential to growth and reproduction, nucleic acid metabolism Manganese Mn Required for enzymes, essential to bone structure, reproduction, central nervous system Cobalt Co Required for vitamin B12 Molybdenum Mo Required for enzymes, essential to purine metabolism Chromium Cr Related to action of insulin Selenium Se Essential for action of vitamin E Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 27. Compounds • Build fromelements: Compounds – “can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means” • Characteristics – Can be separated – Homogeneous (every piece is the same) – Different properties compared to substances from which they originate • Example: Water (H20) – Decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen – All water drops have same properties – Water has different properties compared to hydrogen and oxygen Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2 Water What else?
- 28. Law of definiteproportions • Consider a pile of sugar – Sugar contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen – Two samples: both contain exact same percentage of C, H and O – This is in example of the law of definite proportions: ”Compounds are composed of fixed ratio of elements as determined by mass” – Sugar: Always 40% C, 7% H, 53% O Sample 1: - Heat teaspoon of sugar until only carbon is left - Amount of carbon? Sample 2: - Heat teaspoon of sugar until only carbon is left - Amount of carbon? Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 29. Mixtures • Combination ofsubstances: Mixture – Either a combination of elements or compounds • Characteristics (upcoming experiment) – No definite proportion / composition (unlike compounds) – Separated into their components by physical means – Components retain their individual properties • Composition – Homogeneous • Mixture of water and sugar: the same composition throughout • Sugar cannot be distinguised anymore from the water – Heterogeneous • Mixture of sugar and sand: different composition throughout • One solid can be distinguished from another Sackheim’s Chemistry: Chapter 2
- 30. Separation of mixtures EXPERIMENT001 Title: Sugar with Sand Topic: Separation by physical means 1. Composition is variable – Add more water or sand 2. How to separate? – Physical processes: evaporation, filtering 3. Sugar and sand retain properties
- 31. Summary (1) Matter Pure substance Elements MetalsNonmetals Compounds Mixtures Homogenous Heterogenous
- 32.
- 33.
- 34. Test your memory A.True or False 1. Physical change is about the formation of new substances 2. Weight is the force experienced by an object due to gravity 3. Liquids have a definite shape and no definite volume 4. During a change of state, the temperature rises 5. Nitrogen and sulfur are important sources for body proteins B. Multiple choice 1. Which of the following is a heterogenous mixture a) The pacific ocean; b) Wine; c) Blood plasma 2. Which substance is not a compound a) Alcohol; b) Beer; c) Water 3. Antoine Lavoisier stated a) The law of definite proportions; b) The law of conservation of energy; c) The law of conservation of mass