The document provides information on qualitative analysis to identify cations and anions in salts. It discusses the different groups of cations like group 1, 2, 3 etc. and different tests to identify them like using H2S gas, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide etc. It also explains the process to prepare original solution and soda extract for identifying cations and anions respectively. Flow charts are given for analytical procedures to identify specific cations like group 1, 2, 3 etc. Confirmatory tests to identify common anions like carbonate, chloride, sulfate etc. are also outlined. Two sample experiments performed to identify the cation and anion in two unknown salts are described at the end.

1. CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
CLASS -11
By Manoj Sir

2. SALT - ANALYSIS
By MANOJ SIR

3. Qualitative Analysis: identification of single salt
containing one anion and one cation
By MANOJ SIR

4. Anions
Dilute Acid Group : CO3
2-, NO2
-,S2-,
SO3
2-
Concentrated Acid Group: NO3
-,
CH3COO-, Cl-, Br-, I-
Special group: SO4
2-, C2O4
2-, PO4
3-
By MANOJ SIR

5. Cations
Group zero: NH4+
Group I : Pb2+
Group II : CU2+, Pb2+
Group III : Al3+, Fe2+
Group IV : Zn2+, Mn2+
Group V : Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
Group VI : Mg2+
By MANOJ SIR

6. Analysis Of cations
Preparation of O.S
Separation of basic radicals into various
groups
Analysis of group precipitate for its
cations
Confirmation of suspected cations
By MANOJ SIR

7. ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S)
for the detection of cations
It is the transparent and clear solution prepared
by dissolving given salt in the solution using
following order-
a) distilled water – first cold then hot
b) dil. HCl – first cold then hot
c) Conc. HCl – first cold then hot
d) dil HNO3 – first cold then hot
By MANOJ SIR

8. SODA EXTRACT (S.E)
for the detection of anions
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
By MANOJ SIR

9. Precipitation of cations in various groups
O.S
Add excess of dil HCl
White ppt.
(pb2+ as chloride)
Filtrate for subsequent groups
Add dil HCl and pass H2S gas
Colored ppt.
Group II present
(Pb2+ OR Cu2+Sulphides)
Filtrate
Add few drops of conc. HNO3, pinch
of NH4Cl,heat and add excess of
NH4OH
if ppt. obtained
Group III is present (Al3+, Fe3+ as Hydroxide)
Add NH4OH and pass H2S gas
if ppt. obtained Group IV is present
(Zn2+,Ni2+,Mn2+,Co2+) As Sulphides
Filtrate
Filtrate
Add NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3
White ppt.
Group v present
(Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ as carbonates)
Filtrate
Group VI
(Mg2+)
By MANOJ SIR

10. Flow chart for analysis of group - I
O.S + dil. HCl
no ppt.
grp-I
absent
Proceed for
II to VI
group
ppt. grp- I
present
WHITE
PPT.
Second
part
First
part
Yellow
ppt.
Yellow
ppt.
Filter
Boil with water and
divide into two parts
KI sol. K2CrO4 sol.
Pb2+ confirmed
By MANOJ SIR

11. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-II
Pass H2S gas
By MANOJ SIR

12. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-III
Floating blue
lake
parts
By MANOJ SIR

13. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
Filtrate of group III
Pass H2S gas
IF PPT THEN GROUP IV
IS PRESENT
IF NO PPT THEN GROUP IV
IS ABSENT
IF WHITE COLOR PPT
THEN IT MAY BE Zn AS ZnS
IF FLESH COLOR COLOR PPT
THEN IT MAY BE Mn AS MnS
IF BLACK COLOR PPT THEN IT MAY BE
Ni OR Co AS NiS OR CoS
1 2 3
FILTER AND COLLECT PPT.
By MANOJ SIR

14. 1
Dissolve in dil.HCl and boil off H2S gas. Then divide it into two parts
With first part add NaOH
solution dropwise
With first part add K4[Fe(CN)6]
White ppt. soluble in
excess NaOH
Bluish White ppt.
FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
Zn2+ CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

15. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
2
Dissolve in dil.HCl and boil off H2S gas.
Ppt. gets Dissolved
Now add NaOH and then Br2 solution
White ppt. which turns brown or
black on adding Br2 water
Mn2+ CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

16. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
3
Dissolve in AQUA REGIA(conc. HCl and conc.HNO3 IN THE RATIO 3:1).
And evaporate to dryness. Add water and then divide the solution into three parts:
add NH4OH (excees) followed
by DMG solution in excess
Scarlet red ppt.
Ni2+ confirmed
Acidify with CH3COOH and
add solid KNO2
Yellow ppt.
Co2+ confirmed
Add 1 ml of acetone and
solid NH4CNS and shake it
well
Yellow ppt.
Co2+ confirmed
DMG- dimethylglyoxime
By MANOJ SIR

17. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V
Filtrate of group IV
1) Boil off H2S gas and reduce the volume
2) Cool and add solid NH4Cl,and then NH4OH in excess
3) And then (NH4)2CO3 solution in excess
White ppt IF NO PPT THEN GROUP V
IS ABSENT
Filter it and dissolve the ppt.
in hot dilute acetic acid
and divide the solution in three parts
1 2 3
By MANOJ SIR

18. 1 2 3
FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V
Add K2Cr2O7 solution Add (NH4)2SO4 solution Add (NH4)2C2O4 solution
YELLOW ppt. WHITE ppt. WHITE ppt.
Ba2+ confirmed Sr2+ confirmed. Ca2+ confirmed
By MANOJ SIR

19. ANALYSIS OF GROUP-VI (Mg2+)
To the filtrate of the previous group , add ammonium hydroxide
in excess And disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) solution
or ammonium Phosphate (NH4)3PO4 solution. Scratch the sides
of the test tube. Formation of white Crystalline ppt confirms the
presence of Mg2+ in the salt.
By MANOJ SIR

20. Divided into two groups:-
1. Dilute Sulphuric acid group:- Carbonate ( CO3
2-), Sulphite (SO3
2-)
Sulphide (S2-), Nitrite(NO2
-),
Acetate(CH3COO-)
2. Conc. Sulphuric acid group:- Nitrate ( NO3
-), Chloride (Cl-)
Bromide(Br-), Iodide(I-),oxalate(C2O4
2-)
By MANOJ SIR

21. Preliminary Test For Anions
Dilute H2SO4 test: - Take a little salt in a dry test tube and add dil. H2SO4.
Warm if no reaction occurs.
(i) Colorless ,odourless gas with effervescence, turns lime water milky : - CO3
2-
(ii) Colorless gas with suffocating smell of Sulphur which turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green: SO3
2-
(iii) Colorless gas with having smell or rotten eggs which turns lead acetate paper black : S2-
(iv) Brown gas having pungent smell which turns FeSO4 black : NO2
-
By MANOJ SIR

22. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR CARBONATE
SALT + DIL. H2SO4 + HEAT BRISK EFFERENCE OF COLOURLESS
AND ODOUR LESS GAS
CO3
2-
MAY BE
THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASS
THROUGH LIME WATER
LIME WATER TURNS LIME WATER CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH LONG TIME
MILKYNESS DISAPPEARS CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

23. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR CHLORINE
SALT + CONC. H2SO4 + HEAT A COLOURLESS GAS WITH A PUNGENT
ODOUR EVOLVED DUE TO THE
FORMATION OF HCl
Cl- ion
MAY BE
A GLASS ROD DIPPED IN NH4OH
IS PLACED ON THE MOUTH OF
THE TEST TUBE
DENSE WHITE FUMES WERE
PRODUCED DUE TO THE FORMATION
OF NH4Cl
Cl- ion
CONFIRMED
S.E ACIDIFIED WITH DIL. HNO3
AND THEN ADD AgNO3
SOLUTION
A CURDY WHITE PPT.IS FORMED, THAT
IS SOLUBLE IN AMMONIA SOLUTION.
Cl- ion
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

24. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR SULPHATE (SO4
2- )
S.E + BaCl2 SOLUTION THICK WHITE PPT IS OBTAINED SO4
2- MAY BE
S.E + LEAD ACETATE SOLUTION WHITE PPT. WHICHIS SOLUBLE IN
EXCESS OF HOT AMMONIUM
ACETATE SOLUTION
SO4
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

25. EXPERIMENT – 1 (28-9-2020)
Aim :TO IDENTIFY ONE CATION AND ONE ANION IN
THE GIVEN SALT
By MANOJ SIR

26. Preliminary observation:
PHYSICAL STATE:
1. COLOR: WHITE
2. ODOUR : PUNGENT ODOUR
3. SOLUBILITY: SOLUBLE IN WATER.
By MANOJ SIR

27. PREPARATION OF SODA EXTRACT(S.E)
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
NEUTRALISED IT WITH FEW DROPS OF dil.HCl
By MANOJ SIR

28. Test for ANIONS:
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + DIL H2SO4 + HEAT BRISK EFFERVESCENCE OF COLORLESS
GAS AND ODOUR LESS GAS
GROUP ‘A’ RADICAL
PRESENT. CO3
2- MAY
BE
2. THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH LIME WATER
LIME WATER TURNS MILKY CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
3. THE EVOLVED GAS IS IN LIME WATER
FOR A LONGER TIME
MILKYNESS DISAPPEARS CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

29. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
SALT + DISTILLED WATER + DIL HCl . IT GIVES CLEAR
TRANSPARENT SOLUTION , KNOWN AS ORGINAL
SOLUTION( O.S)
Test for CATION:
By MANOJ SIR

30. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. O.S + DIL.HCl NO OBSERVATION GROUP 1 ABSENT
2. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH FILTERATE OF
1ST GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 2(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE
MOUTH OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 2 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
3 a) FILTERATE OF 2ND GROUP
+ FEW DROPS OF CONC.
HNO3 + BOILED +
COOLED
b) PINCH OF NH4Cl(SOLID)
+ AND EXCESS OF
NH4OH IS ADDED IN
SOLUTION
NO OBSERVATION GROUP 3 ABSENT
By MANOJ SIR

31. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
4. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED TO
FILTERATE OF 3RD GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 4(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE
OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 4 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
5. FILTERATE OF 4HT GROUP +
NH4Cl + NH4OH +
(NH4)CO3+ HEAT
NO OBSERVATION GROUP 5 ABSENT
6. O.S + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 NO OBSERVATION GROUP 6 ABSENT
7. a)SALT + NaOH + HEAT SMELL OF AMMONIA ZERO GROUP PRESENT
b)CONFIRMATORY TEST:
ROD DIPPED IN HCl IS
BROUGHT AT THE MOUTH
TEST TUBE
DENSE WHITE FUMES OF NH4Cl
OBSERVED.
NH4+ CONFIRMED
c) SALT + NaOH + NESSLER’S
REAGENT
BROWN PPT NH4+ CONFIRMED
RESULT: CATION : AMMONIUM ION(NH4 +)
By MANOJ SIR

32. EXPERIMENT – 2 (30-9-2020)
Aim :TO IDENTIFY ONE CATION AND ONE ANION IN
THE GIVEN SALT
By MANOJ SIR

33. Preliminary observation:
PHYSICAL STATE:
1. COLOR: WHITE
2. ODOUR : ODOURLESS
3. SOLUBILITY: INSOLUBLE IN WATER.
By MANOJ SIR

34. PREPARATION OF SODA EXTRACT(S.E)
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
NEUTRALISED IT WITH FEW DROPS OF dil.HCl
By MANOJ SIR

35. Test for ANIONS:
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + conc. H2SO4 + HEAT NO OBSERVATION GROUP ‘B’ RADICAL
ABSENT
2. S.E + BaCl2 SOLUTION THICK WHITE PPT IS OBTAINED SO4
2- MAY BE
PRESENT
3. S.E + LEAD ACETATE SOLUTION WHITE PPT WHICH IS INSOLUBLE IN
EXCESS OF HOT AMMONIUM ACETATE
SOLUTION
SO4
2- CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR

36. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
SALT + DISTILLED WATER + DIL HCl . IT GIVES CLEAR
TRANSPARENT SOLUTION , KNOWN AS ORGINAL
SOLUTION( O.S)
Test for CATION:
By MANOJ SIR

37. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + NaOH + HEAT NO OBSERVATION GROUP ZERO BSENT
2 O.S + DIL.HCl NO OBSERVATION GROUP 1 ABSENT
3. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH FILTERATE OF
1ST GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 2(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE MOUTH
OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 2 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
3 a) FILTERATE OF 2ND GROUP
+ FEW DROPS OF CONC.
HNO3 + BOILED +
COOLED
b) PINCH OF NH4Cl(SOLID) +
AND EXCESS OF NH4OH
IS ADDED IN SOLUTION
3(a)
WHITE GELATINOUS PPT IS
OBSERVED
GROUP 3 PRESENT
Al3+
By MANOJ SIR

38. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
3 CONFIRMATORY TEST PPT IS DISOLVED
(C) PPT IS FILTERED THEN ADD
dil HCl WITH PPT
(D) a) SOLUTION OF 3(C) + BLUE
LITMUS SOLUTION +
NH4OH IN EXCESS
A BLUE PPT (LAKE) IS OBTAINED IN
COLOR LESS SOLUTION
Al3+ CONFIRMED
RESULT : ANION : SO4 2-
CATION: Al3+
By MANOJ SIR