The document provides information on qualitative analysis to identify cations and anions in salts. It discusses the different groups of cations like group 1, 2, 3 etc. and different tests to identify them like using H2S gas, ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide etc. It also explains the process to prepare original solution and soda extract for identifying cations and anions respectively. Flow charts are given for analytical procedures to identify specific cations like group 1, 2, 3 etc. Confirmatory tests to identify common anions like carbonate, chloride, sulfate etc. are also outlined. Two sample experiments performed to identify the cation and anion in two unknown salts are described at the end.
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
Thirteen and a half percent of the atoms in the Earth's crust are hydrogen (most of this hydrogen is in sea water), but because hydrogen is so light, it makes up only 0.75 percent of the Earth's crust by weight. The importance of hydrogen is highlighted in this module.
IT CONTAINS ALL INFORMATION REGARDING TO HYDROGEN
THE PROJECT IS MADE FOR SEMINAR OF CHEMISTRY OF MOLEDINA JUNIOR COLLEGE , PUNE. FROM THE STUDENT OF 11TH SCIENCE, SPECIALLY EFFORTS OF SHAHRUKH ISAQUE PATHAN.
Thirteen and a half percent of the atoms in the Earth's crust are hydrogen (most of this hydrogen is in sea water), but because hydrogen is so light, it makes up only 0.75 percent of the Earth's crust by weight. The importance of hydrogen is highlighted in this module.
This is a presentation file that will provide you notes, proper diagrams, short tips, mnemonics about the alkali metals.. This course is of High School of grades 11 and 12. I think it will help every type of student. Similarly, you can find some repeated and important questions.
This is an effort to make ppt of p block elements , a topic in XII, chemistry(cbse) , whom as a tutor i have often felt students are horrified due to its large text size, long descriptipns, several information to be remembered and several reasonings to keep in mind.
Hope this ppt would solve thier problem of a thorough preparation of topic with all important aspects covered in the ppt.
Founder Dr Mona Srivastava
Masterchemclasses
Chemistry Investigatory project on "Study of constituents of an alloy"Swaroop Somanna
This is a CBSE class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project on the topic "Study of constituents of an alloy".
THIS PROJECT HAS ALREADY BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE RESPECTIVE SCHOOL BY THE AUTHOR AND MUST NOT BE COPIED.
This project must only be used for idea gaining and reference purpose.
This is a presentation file that will provide you notes, proper diagrams, short tips, mnemonics about the alkali metals.. This course is of High School of grades 11 and 12. I think it will help every type of student. Similarly, you can find some repeated and important questions.
This is an effort to make ppt of p block elements , a topic in XII, chemistry(cbse) , whom as a tutor i have often felt students are horrified due to its large text size, long descriptipns, several information to be remembered and several reasonings to keep in mind.
Hope this ppt would solve thier problem of a thorough preparation of topic with all important aspects covered in the ppt.
Founder Dr Mona Srivastava
Masterchemclasses
Chemistry Investigatory project on "Study of constituents of an alloy"Swaroop Somanna
This is a CBSE class 12 Chemistry Investigatory Project on the topic "Study of constituents of an alloy".
THIS PROJECT HAS ALREADY BEEN SUBMITTED TO THE RESPECTIVE SCHOOL BY THE AUTHOR AND MUST NOT BE COPIED.
This project must only be used for idea gaining and reference purpose.
In this laboratory exercise we will separate and identify Cations dissolved in an Aqueous system. Since we will not quantify the amount of each Cation present, but instead merely discern its presence, such a scheme for separation and identification is referred to as a Qualitative Analysis. In our particular case, we will be testing for the presence of the following nine Cations:
Ag+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Bi3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Ba2+, Na+
These are the class 12 practicals held in cbse schools and it contains all the inorganic and organic salt tests in a simplified way and all the other experiments
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
5. Cations
Group zero: NH4+
Group I : Pb2+
Group II : CU2+, Pb2+
Group III : Al3+, Fe2+
Group IV : Zn2+, Mn2+
Group V : Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
Group VI : Mg2+
By MANOJ SIR
6. Analysis Of cations
Preparation of O.S
Separation of basic radicals into various
groups
Analysis of group precipitate for its
cations
Confirmation of suspected cations
By MANOJ SIR
7. ORIGINAL SOLUTION (O.S)
for the detection of cations
It is the transparent and clear solution prepared
by dissolving given salt in the solution using
following order-
a) distilled water – first cold then hot
b) dil. HCl – first cold then hot
c) Conc. HCl – first cold then hot
d) dil HNO3 – first cold then hot
By MANOJ SIR
8. SODA EXTRACT (S.E)
for the detection of anions
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
By MANOJ SIR
9. Precipitation of cations in various groups
O.S
Add excess of dil HCl
White ppt.
(pb2+ as chloride)
Filtrate for subsequent groups
Add dil HCl and pass H2S gas
Colored ppt.
Group II present
(Pb2+ OR Cu2+Sulphides)
Filtrate
Add few drops of conc. HNO3, pinch
of NH4Cl,heat and add excess of
NH4OH
if ppt. obtained
Group III is present (Al3+, Fe3+ as Hydroxide)
Add NH4OH and pass H2S gas
if ppt. obtained Group IV is present
(Zn2+,Ni2+,Mn2+,Co2+) As Sulphides
Filtrate
Filtrate
Add NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3
White ppt.
Group v present
(Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ as carbonates)
Filtrate
Group VI
(Mg2+)
By MANOJ SIR
10. Flow chart for analysis of group - I
O.S + dil. HCl
no ppt.
grp-I
absent
Proceed for
II to VI
group
ppt. grp- I
present
WHITE
PPT.
Second
part
First
part
Yellow
ppt.
Yellow
ppt.
Filter
Boil with water and
divide into two parts
KI sol. K2CrO4 sol.
Pb2+ confirmed
By MANOJ SIR
11. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-II
Pass H2S gas
By MANOJ SIR
12. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-III
Floating blue
lake
parts
By MANOJ SIR
13. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
Filtrate of group III
Pass H2S gas
IF PPT THEN GROUP IV
IS PRESENT
IF NO PPT THEN GROUP IV
IS ABSENT
IF WHITE COLOR PPT
THEN IT MAY BE Zn AS ZnS
IF FLESH COLOR COLOR PPT
THEN IT MAY BE Mn AS MnS
IF BLACK COLOR PPT THEN IT MAY BE
Ni OR Co AS NiS OR CoS
1 2 3
FILTER AND COLLECT PPT.
By MANOJ SIR
14. 1
Dissolve in dil.HCl and boil off H2S gas. Then divide it into two parts
With first part add NaOH
solution dropwise
With first part add K4[Fe(CN)6]
White ppt. soluble in
excess NaOH
Bluish White ppt.
FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
Zn2+ CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
15. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
2
Dissolve in dil.HCl and boil off H2S gas.
Ppt. gets Dissolved
Now add NaOH and then Br2 solution
White ppt. which turns brown or
black on adding Br2 water
Mn2+ CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
16. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-IV
3
Dissolve in AQUA REGIA(conc. HCl and conc.HNO3 IN THE RATIO 3:1).
And evaporate to dryness. Add water and then divide the solution into three parts:
add NH4OH (excees) followed
by DMG solution in excess
Scarlet red ppt.
Ni2+ confirmed
Acidify with CH3COOH and
add solid KNO2
Yellow ppt.
Co2+ confirmed
Add 1 ml of acetone and
solid NH4CNS and shake it
well
Yellow ppt.
Co2+ confirmed
DMG- dimethylglyoxime
By MANOJ SIR
17. FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V
Filtrate of group IV
1) Boil off H2S gas and reduce the volume
2) Cool and add solid NH4Cl,and then NH4OH in excess
3) And then (NH4)2CO3 solution in excess
White ppt IF NO PPT THEN GROUP V
IS ABSENT
Filter it and dissolve the ppt.
in hot dilute acetic acid
and divide the solution in three parts
1 2 3
By MANOJ SIR
18. 1 2 3
FLOW CHART FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUP-V
Add K2Cr2O7 solution Add (NH4)2SO4 solution Add (NH4)2C2O4 solution
YELLOW ppt. WHITE ppt. WHITE ppt.
Ba2+ confirmed Sr2+ confirmed. Ca2+ confirmed
By MANOJ SIR
19. ANALYSIS OF GROUP-VI (Mg2+)
To the filtrate of the previous group , add ammonium hydroxide
in excess And disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) solution
or ammonium Phosphate (NH4)3PO4 solution. Scratch the sides
of the test tube. Formation of white Crystalline ppt confirms the
presence of Mg2+ in the salt.
By MANOJ SIR
20. Divided into two groups:-
1. Dilute Sulphuric acid group:- Carbonate ( CO3
2-), Sulphite (SO3
2-)
Sulphide (S2-), Nitrite(NO2
-),
Acetate(CH3COO-)
2. Conc. Sulphuric acid group:- Nitrate ( NO3
-), Chloride (Cl-)
Bromide(Br-), Iodide(I-),oxalate(C2O4
2-)
By MANOJ SIR
21. Preliminary Test For Anions
Dilute H2SO4 test: - Take a little salt in a dry test tube and add dil. H2SO4.
Warm if no reaction occurs.
(i) Colorless ,odourless gas with effervescence, turns lime water milky : - CO3
2-
(ii) Colorless gas with suffocating smell of Sulphur which turns acidified K2Cr2O7 paper green: SO3
2-
(iii) Colorless gas with having smell or rotten eggs which turns lead acetate paper black : S2-
(iv) Brown gas having pungent smell which turns FeSO4 black : NO2
-
By MANOJ SIR
22. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR CARBONATE
SALT + DIL. H2SO4 + HEAT BRISK EFFERENCE OF COLOURLESS
AND ODOUR LESS GAS
CO3
2-
MAY BE
THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASS
THROUGH LIME WATER
LIME WATER TURNS LIME WATER CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH LONG TIME
MILKYNESS DISAPPEARS CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
23. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR CHLORINE
SALT + CONC. H2SO4 + HEAT A COLOURLESS GAS WITH A PUNGENT
ODOUR EVOLVED DUE TO THE
FORMATION OF HCl
Cl- ion
MAY BE
A GLASS ROD DIPPED IN NH4OH
IS PLACED ON THE MOUTH OF
THE TEST TUBE
DENSE WHITE FUMES WERE
PRODUCED DUE TO THE FORMATION
OF NH4Cl
Cl- ion
CONFIRMED
S.E ACIDIFIED WITH DIL. HNO3
AND THEN ADD AgNO3
SOLUTION
A CURDY WHITE PPT.IS FORMED, THAT
IS SOLUBLE IN AMMONIA SOLUTION.
Cl- ion
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
24. Confirmatory Test For Anions
S.NO TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. TEST FOR SULPHATE (SO4
2- )
S.E + BaCl2 SOLUTION THICK WHITE PPT IS OBTAINED SO4
2- MAY BE
S.E + LEAD ACETATE SOLUTION WHITE PPT. WHICHIS SOLUBLE IN
EXCESS OF HOT AMMONIUM
ACETATE SOLUTION
SO4
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
25. EXPERIMENT – 1 (28-9-2020)
Aim :TO IDENTIFY ONE CATION AND ONE ANION IN
THE GIVEN SALT
By MANOJ SIR
27. PREPARATION OF SODA EXTRACT(S.E)
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
NEUTRALISED IT WITH FEW DROPS OF dil.HCl
By MANOJ SIR
28. Test for ANIONS:
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + DIL H2SO4 + HEAT BRISK EFFERVESCENCE OF COLORLESS
GAS AND ODOUR LESS GAS
GROUP ‘A’ RADICAL
PRESENT. CO3
2- MAY
BE
2. THE EVOLVED GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH LIME WATER
LIME WATER TURNS MILKY CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
3. THE EVOLVED GAS IS IN LIME WATER
FOR A LONGER TIME
MILKYNESS DISAPPEARS CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
29. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
SALT + DISTILLED WATER + DIL HCl . IT GIVES CLEAR
TRANSPARENT SOLUTION , KNOWN AS ORGINAL
SOLUTION( O.S)
Test for CATION:
By MANOJ SIR
30. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. O.S + DIL.HCl NO OBSERVATION GROUP 1 ABSENT
2. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH FILTERATE OF
1ST GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 2(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE
MOUTH OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 2 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
3 a) FILTERATE OF 2ND GROUP
+ FEW DROPS OF CONC.
HNO3 + BOILED +
COOLED
b) PINCH OF NH4Cl(SOLID)
+ AND EXCESS OF
NH4OH IS ADDED IN
SOLUTION
NO OBSERVATION GROUP 3 ABSENT
By MANOJ SIR
31. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
4. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED TO
FILTERATE OF 3RD GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 4(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE
OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 4 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
5. FILTERATE OF 4HT GROUP +
NH4Cl + NH4OH +
(NH4)CO3+ HEAT
NO OBSERVATION GROUP 5 ABSENT
6. O.S + NH4OH + Na2HPO4 NO OBSERVATION GROUP 6 ABSENT
7. a)SALT + NaOH + HEAT SMELL OF AMMONIA ZERO GROUP PRESENT
b)CONFIRMATORY TEST:
ROD DIPPED IN HCl IS
BROUGHT AT THE MOUTH
TEST TUBE
DENSE WHITE FUMES OF NH4Cl
OBSERVED.
NH4+ CONFIRMED
c) SALT + NaOH + NESSLER’S
REAGENT
BROWN PPT NH4+ CONFIRMED
RESULT: CATION : AMMONIUM ION(NH4 +)
By MANOJ SIR
32. EXPERIMENT – 2 (30-9-2020)
Aim :TO IDENTIFY ONE CATION AND ONE ANION IN
THE GIVEN SALT
By MANOJ SIR
34. PREPARATION OF SODA EXTRACT(S.E)
Take about 1 g of the salt and about 3g of the solid
SODIUM CARBONATE to it.
Now add 20ml of distilled water to it .
Now boil the content for 5-10 min .
Now cool and filter the solution
The filtrate so obtained is called SODA EXTRACT (S.E )
or sodium carbonate extract.
NEUTRALISED IT WITH FEW DROPS OF dil.HCl
By MANOJ SIR
35. Test for ANIONS:
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + conc. H2SO4 + HEAT NO OBSERVATION GROUP ‘B’ RADICAL
ABSENT
2. S.E + BaCl2 SOLUTION THICK WHITE PPT IS OBTAINED SO4
2- MAY BE
PRESENT
3. S.E + LEAD ACETATE SOLUTION WHITE PPT WHICH IS INSOLUBLE IN
EXCESS OF HOT AMMONIUM ACETATE
SOLUTION
SO4
2- CONFIRMED
By MANOJ SIR
36. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL SOLUTION:
SALT + DISTILLED WATER + DIL HCl . IT GIVES CLEAR
TRANSPARENT SOLUTION , KNOWN AS ORGINAL
SOLUTION( O.S)
Test for CATION:
By MANOJ SIR
37. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. SALT + NaOH + HEAT NO OBSERVATION GROUP ZERO BSENT
2 O.S + DIL.HCl NO OBSERVATION GROUP 1 ABSENT
3. a) H2S GAS IS PASSED
THROUGH FILTERATE OF
1ST GROUP
b) BOIL THE SOLUTION 2(a)
TO REMOVE H2S GAS.
STRIP DIPPED IN LEAD
ACETATE SOLUTION
BROUGHT AT THE MOUTH
OF TEST TUBE
NO OBSERVATION
NO OBSERVATION
GROUP 2 ABSENT
H2S GAS IS REMOVED
3 a) FILTERATE OF 2ND GROUP
+ FEW DROPS OF CONC.
HNO3 + BOILED +
COOLED
b) PINCH OF NH4Cl(SOLID) +
AND EXCESS OF NH4OH
IS ADDED IN SOLUTION
3(a)
WHITE GELATINOUS PPT IS
OBSERVED
GROUP 3 PRESENT
Al3+
By MANOJ SIR
38. S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
3 CONFIRMATORY TEST PPT IS DISOLVED
(C) PPT IS FILTERED THEN ADD
dil HCl WITH PPT
(D) a) SOLUTION OF 3(C) + BLUE
LITMUS SOLUTION +
NH4OH IN EXCESS
A BLUE PPT (LAKE) IS OBTAINED IN
COLOR LESS SOLUTION
Al3+ CONFIRMED
RESULT : ANION : SO4 2-
CATION: Al3+
By MANOJ SIR
