These documents describe 10 experiments analyzing unknown salts to identify their acidic and basic radicals. Each experiment provides observations of preliminary tests and acid-base radical tests. The results identify the following ion pairs: 1. Ammonium (NH4+) and acetate (CO32-); 2. Ammonium (NH4+) and acetate (CH3COO-); 3. Ammonium (NH4+) and chloride (Cl-); 4. Lead (Pb2+) and nitrate (NO3-); 5. Copper (Cu2+) and sulphate (SO42-); 6. Aluminium (Al3+) and sulphate (SO42-

1. EXPERIMENT NO - 02
OBJECTIVE :- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION : -
S.
NO.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+ absent
2 Odour NH3 like smell NH4+ may be present
1
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
Test tube + salt + Dil.
H2SO4
Colourless odourless
gas evolves with brisk
effervescence
CO32— may be present
2 Pass the gas in lime water
in excess
Lime water turns milky
which turns colourless
when excess gas is
passed.
CO32— confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH Pungent smell of NH3
produces
Zero group present
2 Test tube + salt + H2O +
Nessler reagent
Reddish brown
precipitate forms
NH4+ confirm
RESULT:- Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and acetate anion (CO32—) acidic
radicals are present in given salt.

2. EXPERIMENT – 03
OBJECTIVE :- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION : -
S.
NO.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour NH3 like smell NH4+ may be present
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 Test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 colourless gas with a
vinegar-like smell
CH3COO— may be
present
2 Test tube + salt + H2O +
oxalic acid
The characteristic smell
of vinegar produces.
CH3COO— confirm.
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH Pungent smell of NH3
produces
Zero group present
2 Test tube + salt + H2O + Reddish brown
precipitate forms
NH4+ confirm
Nessler reagent
RESULT:- Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and acetate anion (CH3COO—) acidic
radicals are present in given salt.

3. Experiment 04
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour NH3 like smell NH4+ may be present
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 Test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
2 Test tube + salt + Conc.
H2SO4
Colourless gas with
pungent smell
Cl— may be present
3 SILVER NITRATE TESTS:-
Test tube + salt + silver
nitrate solution.
white precipitate forms. Cl— confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH Pungent smell of NH3
produces
Zero group present
2 Test tube + salt + H2O +
Nessler reagent
Reddish brown
precipitate forms
NH4+ confirm
RESULT:- Ammonium ion (NH4+) basic radical and chloride anion (Cl— ) acidic
radicals are present in given salt.

4. EXPERIMENT NO. 05
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour No smell NH4+ (CH3COO— )
absent
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 Test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
2 Test tube + salt + H2O +
Conc. H2SO4
Brown fume which
intensifies when Cu
turnings are added
NO3— may be present
3 Soda extract + CH3COOH +
FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4
Formation oil brown ring
at the junction of
solutions
NO3— confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas produces Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + dil. HCl +
filter
White precipitate forms First group may be
present
3 Precipitate + H2O + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate forms Pb2+ confirm
RESULT:- Lead (Pb2+) basic radical and nitrate anion (NO3—) acidic radicals are
present in given salt.

5. EXPERIMENT NO. - 06
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Blue colour Cu2+ may be presnt
2 Odour No smell NH4+ (CH3COO—)
absent
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
2 test tube + salt + Conc.
H2SO4
No gas produces Conc. H2SO4 group
absent
3 test tube + salt + H2O +
BaCl2
White precipitate forms Sulphate (SO42—)
confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas producses Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + dil. HCl +
filter
No precipitate forms First group absent
3 Filtrate + H2S gas + filter Black Precipitate forms Second group present
4 Precipitate + Dil. HNO3 +
acetic acid + K4[Fe(CN)6]
Chocolate brown
coloured precipitate
forms
Cu2+ confirm
RESULT:- Cupric ion (Cu2+ )basic radical and Sulphate anion (SO42— ) acidic radicals
are present in given salt.

6. EXPERIMENT NO. - 07
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour No smell NH4+ (CH3COO—)
absent
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
2 test tube + salt + Conc.
H2SO4
No gas produces Conc. H2SO4 group
absent
3 test tube + salt + H2O +
BaCl2
White precipitate forms Sulphate (SO42—)
confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas produces Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + dil. HCl +
filter
No precipitate forms First group absent
3 Filtrate + H2S gas + filter No precipitate forms Second group absent
4 Filtrate + boil to remove
H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
Filter.
Lack Test
White precipitate. Third group present
5 Precipitate + dil HCl + 2
drops of blue litmus
solution + NH4OH
Floating blue colour
develops.
Al3+ confirm
RESULT:- Aluminium ion (Al3+) basic radical and Sulphate (SO42—) acidic radicals are
present in given salt.

7. EXPERIMENT NO. - 08
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour Colourless Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour No smell NH4+ (CH3COO—)
absent
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 test tube + salt +Dil. H2SO4 No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
2 test tube + salt + Conc.
H2SO4
No gas produces Conc. H2SO4 group
absent
3 test tube + salt + H2O +
BaCl2
White precipitate forms Sulphate (SO42—)
confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas produces Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + dil. HCl +
filter
No precipitate forms First group absent
3 Filtrate + H2S gas + filter No precipitate forms Second group absent
4 Filtrate + boil to remove
H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
Filter
No precipitate forms Third group absent
5 Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S +
filter
Dull white precipitate
forms
Fourth group present
6 Precipitate + H2O + dil. HCl
+ dil. NaOH in excess
white precipitate forms
which dissolve in excess
of NaOH
Zn2+ confirms
RESULT:- Zinc ion (Zn2+) basic radical and Sulphate ion (SO42— ) acidic radicals are
present in given salt.

8. EXPERIMENT NO. - 09
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERVATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour White Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour No smell NH4+ (CH3COO— )
absent
1.
Dil H2SO4 test
Salt + dil H2SO4 No gas evolves Dil H2SO4 group
absent
2.
3.
Conc. H2SO4 test
Salt + conc. H2SO4
Silver nitrate test
Salt + water +silver nitrate
solution
Colourless gas with
pungent smell
White precipitate forms
Conc. H2SO4 group
present.
Chloride ion confirm.
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas produces Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + H2O + dil.
HCl + filter
No precipitate forms First group absent
3 Filtrate + H2S gas + filter No precipitate forms Second group absent
4 Filtrate + boil to remove
H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
Filter
No precipitate forms Third group absent
5 Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S +
filter
No precipitate forms Fourth group absent
6 Filtrate + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3 Filter
White precipitate forms Fifth group present
7 Precipitate + ammonium
sulphate + ammonium
oxalate
(NH4)2C2O4
White precipitate forms Ca2+ confirm
RESULT:- Calcium ion (Ca2+) basic radical and Chloride anion (Cl—) acidic radicals are
present in given salt.

9. EXPERIMENT NO. - 10
OBJECTIVE:- To analyse the given salt for an acidic and a basic radical.
OBSERATION :-
S.
No.
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
1 Colour White Cu2+ Fe3+ Ni2+
absent
2 Odour No smell NH4+ and (CH3COO—)
absent
ACIDIC RADICAL TEST
Dil. H2SO4 test
1 test tube + salt + Dil.
H2SO4
No gas produces Dil H2SO4 group
absent
Conc. H2SO4 test
1 test tube + salt + Conc.
H2SO4
No gas produces Conc. H2SO4 group
absent
2 test tube + salt + H2O +
BaCl2
White precipitate forms Sulphate (SO42—)
confirm
BASIC RADICAL TEST
1 Test tube + salt + NaOH No gas produces Zero group absent
2 Test tube + salt + H2O + dil.
HCl + filter
No precipitate forms First group absent
3 Filtrate + H2S gas + filter No precipitate forms Second group absent
4 Filtrate + boil to remove
H2S + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
Filter
No precipitate forms Third group absent
5 Filtrate + NH4OH + H2S +
filter
No precipitate forms Fourth group absent
6 Filtrate + NH4Cl + NH4OH +
ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3 Filter
No precipitate forms Fifth group absent
7 Test tube + salt + H2O +
NH4Cl + NH4OH +
ammonium phosphate
White precipitate forms Mg2+ confirm in sixth
group
RESULT:- Magnesium ion (Mg2+) basic radical and sulphate (SO42—) acidic radicals are
present in the given salt.