The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its various sources and constituents. It then outlines different methods for solid waste disposal, including landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling. It provides details on each method. The document also covers management of specific types of solid waste like medical, hazardous, and e-waste. It concludes by noting that effective solid waste management is important for environmental protection.

1. SEMINAR REPORT ON
''SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT"
• Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in CE
.

2. Sobhasaria Group of Institutions , Sikar
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Seminar on topic ''SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT'' has been
successfully presented by Tarun Saini , bearing University Roll No.17ESOCE042 , in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CE of
Rajasthan Technical University , Kota during academic year 2020-2021. The Seminar
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Seminar work
for the said degree.
MR. VIGNESH GANESAN Mr. NAVEEN THAKUR
Seminar Coordinator HOD, Department of CE
Assistant Professor(CE)
Mr. VIJAY JANGIR
Seminar Coordinator
Assistant Professor(CE)

3. DECLARATION
• I, Tarun SAINI , student of VII Semester BE, in CIVIL Engineering,
Sobhasaria Group of Institutions Sikar hereby declare that the
Seminar entitled “SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT” has been carried out
by me and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
VIII Semester degree of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL Engineering
of Rajasthan Technical University , Kota during academic year 2017-
2021.
• Date : 15th March 2021 Tarun SAINI
• Place : Sikar(Rajasthan) 17ESOCE042

4. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is opportunity to express my heartfelt words for the people who were part
of this seminar in numerous ways, people who gave me unending support right
from beginning of the Seminar.
I am grateful to seminar coordinators Mr. VIGHNESH GANESAN and
Mr. VIJAY JANGIR for giving guidelines to make the seminar successful.
Without their guidance and persistent help this report would not have been
possible. I must acknowledge the faculties and staffs of CIVIL
Engineering from Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Sikar.
I extend my thanks to Mr. NAVEEN THAKUR Head of the Department for his
cooperation and guidance.
I want to give sincere thanks to the principal, Dr. Sudhir Rathi for his valuable
support.
Yours Sincerely,
(TARUN SAINI)
Roll No 17ESOCE042

5. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
• CERTIFICATE
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 GENERAL 2
• 1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
• 1.2.1 General 5
• 1.2.2.1 General 8
• 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 16
• 2.1 GENERAL 17
• 2.2.1 . . . . .. 19

6. INTRODUCTION
• Around the world, waste generation rates are rising. In 2016, the worlds’ cities
generated 2.01 billion tonnes of solid waste, amounting to a footprint of 0.74
kilograms per person per day. With rapid population growth and urbanization, annual
waste generation is expected to increase by 70% from 2016 levels to 3.40 billion
tonnes in 2050.
• Sikar is located in the North Eastern part of Rajasthan. The present population of the
Town is approximately 2.29 lakh. The quantity of solid waste generated in the town at
present is 103 MT per day. The wastes generated from different sources are thrown on
the
roads or road sides by the generators. Only about 60-70% waste are collected by the
urban
local body (ULB). The ULB, in charge of solid waste collection, transportation and
disposal,
performs its duties in an unplanned and unscientific manner, consequently, the road side
are cluttered with wastes and since there is no identified place for treatment and
disposal of
wastes, the untreated wastes are disposed at any convenient place.
• Managing waste properly is essential for building sustainable and livable cities, but it
remains a challenge for many developing countries and cities. Effective waste
management is expensive, often comprising 20%–50% of municipal budgets.
Operating this essential municipal service requires integrated systems that are
efficient, sustainable, and socially supported.

7. SOLID WASTE
It is defined as “ non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging from municipal
garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & sometimes hazardous
substances”
Solid waste also include
Garbage
Rubbish
Demolition products
Sewage treatment residue
Dead animals
Manure and other discarded material.
Per capita solid waste out put 0.25-2.5 Kg/day

9. Methods of Solid Waste
Disposal
• 1. Landfill
• 2. Incineration
• 3. Composting
• 4.Recycling

10. What Is a Sanitary Landfill?
In the past, we tossed our waste into open
dumps. These sites were not monitored and
few steps were taken to separate waste
from the surrounding environment. This
meant it was easy for toxic chemicals and
gases to contaminate the nearby air, soil and
groundwater. These areas also acted as
breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other
disease-carrying pests. Many people still
associate that dirty image with landfills. But
today, nearly all landfills are sanitary
landfills. The open dumps of the past are
rare, except in cases of illegal dumping.
In a sanitary landfill, waste is separated from
the surrounding environment using a system
of layers designed to allow waste to
decompose safely. While decomposition can
produce methane—a major contributor to
climate change—most sanitary landfills
collect this gas and use it to generate
electricity, keeping it out of the
atmosphere.

11. Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.[1] Industrial plants for waste incineration are
commonly referred to as waste-to-energy facilities.
Incineration and other high-temperature waste
treatment systems are described as "thermal
treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the
waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is mostly
formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and
may take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried
by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of
gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are
dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases, the heat
that is generated by incineration can be used to generate
electric power.
Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-
to-energy technologies such as gasification, pyrolysis and
anaerobic digestion. While incineration and gasification
technologies are similar in principle, the energy
produced from incineration is high-temperature heat
whereas combustible gas is often the main energy
product from gasification. Incineration and gasification
may also be implemented without energy and materials
recovery.

12. Composting
Another method of treating municipal solid waste is composting, a biological process in which the organic
portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions. Microbes metabolize the
organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as 50 percent. The stabilized product is called
compost or humus. It resembles potting soil in texture and odour and may be used as a soil conditioner or
mulch.
Composting offers a method of processing and recycling both garbage and sewage sludge in one operation. As
more stringent environmental rules and siting constraints limit the use of solid-waste incineration and
landfill options, the application of composting is likely to increase. The steps involved in the process
include sorting and separating, size reduction, and digestion of the refuse.
Sorting and shredding
The decomposable materials in refuse are isolated from glass, metal, and other inorganic items through
sorting and separating operations. These are carried out mechanically, using differences in such physical
characteristics of the refuse as size, density, and magnetic properties. Shredding or pulverizing reduces the
size of the waste articles, resulting in a uniform mass of material. It is accomplished with hammer mills and
rotary shredders.
Digesting and processing
Pulverized waste is ready for composting either by the open windrow method or in an enclosed mechanical
facility. Windrows are long, low mounds of refuse. They are turned or mixed every few days to provide air
for the microbes digesting the organics. Depending on moisture conditions, it may take five to eight weeks
for complete digestion of the waste. Because of the metabolic action of aerobic bacteria, temperatures in
an active compost pile reach about 65 °C (150 °F), killing pathogenic organisms that may be in the waste
material.
Open windrow composting requires relatively large land areas. Enclosed mechanical composting facilities can
reduce land requirements by about 85 percent. Mechanical composting systems employ one or more
closed tanks or digesters equipped with rotating vanes that mix and aerate the shredded waste. Complete
digestion of the waste takes about one week.

13. Recycling
recycling, recovery and reprocessing of waste materials
for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling
are the collection of waste materials, their processing
or manufacture into new products, and the purchase
of those products, which may then themselves be
recycled. Typical materials that are recycled include
iron and steel scrap, aluminum cans, glass bottles,
paper, wood, and plastics. The materials reused in
recycling serve as substitutes for raw materials
obtained from such increasingly scarce natural
resources as petroleum, natural gas, coal, mineral
ores, and trees. Recycling can help reduce the
quantities of solid waste deposited in landfills, which
have become increasingly expensive. Recycling also
reduces the pollution of air, water, and land resulting
from waste disposal.

14. There are two broad types of
recycling operations: internal and
external
• . Internal recycling is the reuse
in a manufacturing process of
materials that are a waste
product of that process. Internal
recycling is common in the
metals industry, for example.
The manufacture of copper
tubing results in a certain
amount of waste in the form of
tube ends and trimmings; this
material is remelted and recast.
Another form of internal
recycling is seen in the distilling
industry, in which, after the
distillation, spent grain mash is
dried and processed into an
edible foodstuff for cattle.

15. Management
of Solid
waste
• : The fundamental objective of waste processing
is to reduce the amount of wastes through
recycling and disposal of waste in a way not to
impair environmental conservation. Four R’s
should be followed for waste management:
1.Refuse 2.Reuse 3. Recycle 4. Reduce

16. • The
management
of the solid
waste is done
according to
its nature:
i. Management of Medical solid waste
ii. Management of non-degradable solid
waste
iii. Management of Hazardous waste
iv. Management of non-hazardous &
biodegradable solid waste
v. Management of electronic waste “e-
waste”

17. • Management of
Medical solid waste
• • Hospital waste is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment, or
immunization of human beings or
animals or in research activities in these
fields or in the production or testing of
biological. • Medical solid waste
includes both non-hazardous and
hazardous waste constituents. The non-
hazardous waste Hazardous wastes
Treatment options: Incineration
Sanitary landfill i. Management of
Medical solid waste:

18. • ii. Management of non-
degradable solid waste
• Examples of non-degradable solid wastes are:
-Ferrous & non-ferrous metals: Eg: Iron, Steel and
Aluminium etc. Glass
-Plastics
-Textiles
• Treatment options:
Recycling
Sanitary landfill
Incineration
Y-SA.

19. iii. Management of
Hazardous waste
• Following process applied in hazardous waste
treatment:
• Physical separation
• Gravity separation
• Dissolved air floatation
• Solvent extraction
• Sorption on activated carbon : Thermal
treatment
• Incineration
• Biological treatment
Y-SA.

20. • iv. Management of non-
hazardous & biodegradable
solid waste
•Non-hazardous solid waste is total waste including
municipal waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste
and sewage sludge.
•Following methods are followed by management
of non-hazardous and biodegradable solid wastes:
• Open Dumps
• Landfills
• Anaerobic Digestion
• Composting
• Vermicomposting

21. • v. Management
of electronic
waste “e-
waste”
• Electronic waste is of concern largely due to the
toxicity and carcinogenicity of some of the
substances if processed improperly. Toxic
substances in electronic waste include lead,
mercury and cadmium. Carcinogenic substances in
electronic waste may include polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs).
• A typical computer may contain more than 6%
lead by weight. Capacitors, transformers, PVC
insulated wires of polychlorinated biphenyls
This
Photo
by
Unknown
author
is
licensed
under
CC
BY-SA-NC.

22. Sources,
Constituents
and effect of
E-waste:

23. TREATMENT
OPTIONS
E-waste consists of Diverse items like ferrous
and non-ferrous metals, glass, plastics,
electronic components and other items
The potential treatment options based on this
composition are given below:
• Encapsulation
• Incineration
• Sanitary landfill

24. Factors
affecting solid
waste
management:
• There are certain factors that affect the
management of solid waste management.
They are:
• Per capita income and status
• Climate and percentage moisture
• Systematic growth of city
• Status of the municipality
• Resources available

25. Conclusion:
• Conclusion: Solid waste
management is the process of
removal of solid waste in such a
manner that it does not cause any
problem to environment and the
living organism as well. It is done
through different methods as per
the category of the solid waste.