The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its types, including municipal solid waste and industrial solid waste. It outlines objectives of waste management like protecting human health and environment. Centralized and decentralized management methods are described. The key functions of waste management systems are identified as generation, handling, collection, processing, and disposal. Common disposal methods like sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling are summarized. The waste management hierarchy and integrated solid waste management are also overviewed.

1. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PRASANNA R KOVATH
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
ST.MARY’S COLLEGE THRISSUR

2. What is Solid Waste?
• Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from human activities in residential,
industrial or commercial areas.
• Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a
wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment
plant, or air pollution control facility and other
discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or
contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial,
commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and
from community activities
• In Simple Words - Solid wastes are any discarded or
abandoned materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid,
semi-solid or containerized gaseous material.

3. Types of Solid Waste
It can be classified into different types depending on their
source:
•Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):
It consists of household waste, construction and demolition
debris (CnD), sanitation residue, and waste from streets,
generated mainly from residential and commercial
complexes. As per the MoEF it includes commercial and
residential waste generated in municipal or notified areas
in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial
hazardous wastes but including treated bio-medical wastes

4. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE (ISW):
 In a majority of cases it is termed as hazardous
waste as they may contain toxic substances, are
corrosive, highly inflammable, or react when exposed
to certain things e.g. gases.
 Biomedical waste or hospital waste: It is
usually infectious waste that may include waste like
sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste,
cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.,
usually in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc. These can
be a serious threat to human health if not managed in
a scientific and discriminate manner.

5. OBJECTIVES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
The primary goal of solid waste management is
reducing and eliminating adverse impacts of waste
materials on human health and the environment
 It also aims to support economic development and
superior quality of life.
This is to be done in the most efficient manner
possible, to keep costs low and prevent waste
buildup.

6. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.Centralised method:
 This method involves collection of municipal waste from
all over the local area and by means of landfilling, dump
outside the city/nagar panchayat limits.
 This process looks at door-to-door collection of solid waste
by waste pickers who hand over to the collection team
who then discard the collected waste in the landfill.
 The waste pickers are employees of the Municipal
Corporation or Nagar Panchayat. The collection team is
generally contracted out by a tendering process.

7. DE-CENTRALIZED METHOD
 This is a model seen in a few places like Suryapet in
Andhra Pradesh and Bangalore in Karnataka.
 The waste is collected ward-wise and is segregated at
source into bio-degradable and non biodegradable.
 The biodegradable waste is composted at a nearby
facility by different methods of aerobic and anerobic
composting.
 The non-biodegradable waste is further categorised
into paper, plastic, metal and other waste and then
further collected by recyclers for up-cycling or
downcycling of products

8. 6 FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF THE WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 Waste generation: This encompasses any
activities involved in identifying materials that
are no longer usable and are either gathered for
systematic disposal or thrown away.
 Onsite handling, storage, and processing:
This relates to activities at the point of waste
generation, which facilitate easier collection. For
example, waste bins are placed at sites that
generate sufficient waste

9. WASTE COLLECTION
 Waste collection: A
crucial phase of waste
management,
 This includes activities
such as placing waste
collection bins, collecting
waste from those bins, and
accumulating trash in the
location where the
collection vehicles are
emptied.
 Although the collection
phase involves
transportation, this is
typically not the main
stage of waste
transportation.

10.  Waste processing
and recovery: This
refers to the facilities,
equipment, and
techniques employed
to recover reusable or
recyclable materials
from the waste stream
and to improve the
effectiveness of other
functional elements of
waste management
 Disposal: The final
stage of waste
management. It
involves the activities
aimed at the
systematic disposal of
waste materials in
locations such as
landfills or waste-to-
energy facilities.

11. .
Methods of Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill
 This is the most popular solid waste disposal
method used today. Garbage is basically spread
out in thin layers, compressed and covered
with soil or plastic foam.
 Modern landfills are designed in such a way
that the bottom of the landfill is covered with
an impervious liner which is usually made of
several layers of thick plastic and sand.
 This liner protects the ground water from being
contaminated because of leaching or
percolation. When the landfill is full, it is
covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and
gravel to prevent seepage of water.

12. Incineration
This method involves burning of solid wastes at
high temperatures until the wastes are turned into
ashes.
Incinerators are made in such a way that they do
not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning
solid wastes.
This method of solid waste management can be
done by individuals, municipalities and even
institutions.
The good thing about this method is the fact that it
reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the
original volume.

13. Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process
of taking useful but discarded items for next
use.
Traditionally, these items are processed and
cleaned before they are recycled.
The process aims at reducing energy loss,
consumption of new material and reduction of
landfills..

14. Composting
 Due to lack of adequate space for landfills,
biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose
in a medium designed for the purpose.
 Only biodegradable waste materials are used in
composting.
 Good quality environmentally friendly manure
is formed from the compost and can be used for
agricultural purposes.

15. Pyrolysis
 This is method of solid waste management whereby
solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat
without presence of oxygen.
 This usually occurs under pressure and at
temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius.
 The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid
residue and small quantities of liquid.

16. waste management hierarchy
• The waste management hierarchy indicates an order
of preference for action to reduce and manage waste, and
is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of a
pyramid.
• The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or
product through successive stages of waste management
and represents the latter part of the life-cycle for each
product.

17. waste management hierarchy
 The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the
maximum practical benefits from products and to
generate the minimum amount of waste.
 The proper application of the waste hierarchy can
have several benefits. It can help prevent emissions
of greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, save
energy, conserves resources, create jobs and
stimulate the development of green technologies.

18.  4R (recycle, reuse, reduce, recover) is the backbone of the
solid waste management in a town.
 REDUCE is to limit the amount of waste you create in the first
place. This includes buying products with less packaging.
 REUSE means to use something again that you would normally
throw away (eg. Glass jar for food or plastic bags for bin liners.)
 RECYCLE means the product goes through a mechanical process to
change its form. This is only recommended when reducing and
reusing are not possible.
 RECOVER is to convert waste into resources (such as electricity,
heat, compost and fuel) through thermal and biological means.
Resource Recovery occurs after reduce, reuse and recycle have been
attempted.

19. Integrated solid waste management
Integrated solid waste management refers to the
strategic approach to sustainable management of
solid wastes covering all sources and all aspects,
covering generation, segregation, transfer,
sorting, treatment, recovery and disposal in an
integrated manner, with an emphasis on
maximizing resource use efficiency.

20. Integrated solid waste management
Benefits of ISWM
 Cleaner and safe neighborhoods
 Higher resource use efficiency
 Resource augmentation Savings in waste
management costs due to reduced levels of final
waste for disposal
 Better business opportunities and economic growth
 Local ownership & responsibilities / participation

21. The most important reason for waste collection is the
protection of the environment and the health of the population.
The Earth is what we all have in common….
CONSERVE FOR FUTURE