The document outlines various learning theories, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, which describe how learning occurs through cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences. It also identifies principles of learning such as readiness, exercise, and effect, emphasizing their roles in effective learning processes. The theories and principles provide a framework for understanding and improving educational practices.

1. Learning Theories and
principles
MARY ANN C. PALACA

2. Learning Theories
•Learning is commonly defined as a process that brings
together cognitive, emotional, and environment
influences and experiences for acquiring,enchancing, or
making changes in one’s knowledge, skills, values, and
world views ( Illeris,2004; Ormrod, 1995)
•Theories of learning are elaborate hypothesis that
describe how exactly this procedure occurs.
•The two chief values of theories of learning ( Hill 2002 )
1. Providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual
framework for interpreting examples of learning
that we observe.
2. Suggesting where to look for solutions to practical
problems.

3. Learning Theories
•Three main categories under learning theories:
1. Behaviorism focuses on the objectively observable
aspects of learning, this was primarily developed by B.F.
Skinner.
There are three basic assumption of behaviorism:
• Learning is manifested by a change in behavior.
• The environment shapes behavior.
• The principles of contiguity and reinforcement are
central to explain learning process.

4. Learning Theories
2. Cognitivism, , a gestalt psychologist[3]
. He criticized
behaviorists for being too dependent on overt behavior to
explain learning. Gestalt psychologists proposed looking at
the patterns rather than isolated events. Gestalt views of
learning have been incorporated into what have come to be
labeled cognitive theories. Two key assumptions underlie this
cognitive approach: (1) that the memory system is an active
organized processor of information and (2) that prior
knowledge plays an important role in learning. Cognitive
theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning.
Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote
learning.

5. Learning Theories
3. Constructivism views learning as a process in which the
learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts
based upon current and past knowledge or experience. In
other words, "learning involves constructing one's own
knowledge from one's own experiences." Constructivist
learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby
internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may
consequently be applied in a practical real-world context. This
is also known as social constructivism.

6. Learning Principles
Educational psychologists and pedagogues have identified
several principles of learning, also referred to as laws of
learning, which seem generally applicable to the learning
process. These principles have been discovered, tested, and
used in practical situations. They provide additional insight into
what makes people learn most effectively. Edward Thorndike
developed the first three "Laws of learning:" readiness,
exercise, and effect. Since Thorndike set down his basic three
laws in the early part of the twentieth century, five additional
principles have been added: primacy, recency, intensity,
freedom and requirement.

7. Learning Principles
1. Readiness implies a degree of single-mindedness and
eagerness. Individuals learn best when they are physically,
mentally, and emotionally ready to learn, and they do not learn
well if they see no reason for learning. Getting students ready
to learn, creating interest by showing the value of the subject
matter, and providing continuous mental or physical challenge,
is usually the instructor’s responsibility.

8. Learning Principles
2. Exercise states that those things most often repeated are
best remembered. It is the basis of drill and practice. It has
been proven that students learn best and retain information
longer when they have meaningful practice and repetition. The
key here is that the practice must be meaningful. It is clear
that practice leads to improvement only when it is followed by
positive feedback.

9. Learning Principles
3.Effect is based on the emotional reaction of the student. It
has a direct relationship to motivation. The principle of effect is
that learning is strengthened when accompanied by a
pleasant or satisfying feeling, and that learning is weakened
when associated with an unpleasant feeling.
4.Primacy, the state of being first, often creates a strong,
almost unshakable, impression. Things learned first create a
strong impression in the mind that is difficult to erase. For the
instructor, this means that what is taught must be right the first
time. For the student, it means that learning

10. Learning Principles
5.The principle of recency states that things most recently
learned are best remembered. Conversely, the further a
student is removed time-wise from a new fact or
understanding, the more difficult it is to remember.
6.The principle of intensity implies that a student will learn
more from the real thing than from a substitute.

11. Learning Principles
7.The principle of freedom states that things freely
learned are best learned. Conversely, the further a
student is coerced, the more difficult is for him to
learn, assimilate and implement what is learned.
8.The law of requirement states that "we must have
something to obtain or do something." It can be
an ability, skill, instrument or anything that may help
us to learn or gain something.

12. Thank You for Listening !!!