This document outlines the characteristics and criteria of good research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding. Good research is guided by a question or problem, has a clear goal and plan, and divides main problems into subproblems. It relies on collecting and interpreting data in a cyclical process. Good research clearly defines its scope, explains its process so others can reproduce it, and has a planned, objective design with ethical standards and justified conclusions. The research process involves raising a question, suggesting hypotheses, reviewing literature, acquiring data, analyzing and interpreting data, and determining if hypotheses are supported.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
RESEARCH DESIGN , Sampling Designs , Dependent and Independent Variables, Extraneous Variables, Hypothesis, Exploratory Research Design, Descriptive and Diagnostic Research
Characteristics of a good researcher - am i a researcher?Dr. Mazlan Abbas
Presentation to IIUM - Industry Talk
March 15, 2013 @ 3.00pm
Auditorium B, E2-Level 2,
Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM),
Gombak, Malaysia
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
This slides gives knowledge about how to define a research question. what are the do's and don'ts while defining research question, steps to define a research questions.examples of research questions
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Defining a Research Problem_Dr.Balamurugan.pptxBalamurugan M
What is Research problem
Techniques to define a Research problem
Selection of Research problem
Necessity of defining a problem
Points to remember on research problem
Sources of Research problem
This Presentation was given in Guru Kashi University Talwandi Sabo (2013) at the inaugural ceremony of Ph.D. program. Bibliography is added for sake of References.
Chapter 2 &4Chapter 2 The Research Process and Ways of Knowing.docxwalterl4
Chapter 2 &4
Chapter 2: The Research Process and Ways of Knowing
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The study of this chapter will help the learner to
· Discuss the philosophical orientations that influence the choice of a research design.
· Contrast the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research.
· Review the steps involved in the research process.
· Determine the way that a design is linked to the research question.
· Classify research based on characteristics related to intent, type, and time.
· Evaluate which kind of evidence is best provided by quantitative and qualitative research.
KEY TERMS
1. Applied research
2. Basic research
3. Cross-sectional methods
4. Experimental research
5. Longitudinal studies
6. Mixed methods
7. Paradigm
8. Prospective studies
9. Qualitative research
10. Quantitative research
11. Quasi-experimental studies
12. Retrospective studies
Introduction
What is the nature of truth? It is hard to think of a more difficult question to answer. This fundamental question must be considered, however, to ensure that the research process is successful in providing evidence for practice. Research is about the search for truth. There are, however, multiple approaches to determining and describing truth. The successful researcher understands which approach is effective for the particular problem to be solved. The key is to consider assumptions about the nature of the world, the question to be answered, and the intent of the researcher.
The most fundamental questions to be answered in the beginning of a research process are philosophical but necessary ones: What constitutes knowledge? What is the nature of the world, and how can this research reflect that nature? The researcher should carefully consider these issues before proceeding with the design of the inquiry. It is a mistake to jump straight from research question to design without considering the philosophical foundation on which the study will be built.
These philosophical considerations must represent more than the researcher’s view of the world. That is, they must be carefully matched to a design that will address the specific nature of the research question. The goal is to produce knowledge that is relevant and applicable to the body of nursing knowledge and that becomes evidence for practice.
VOICES FROM THE FIELD
When I started my doctorate, I was sure I wanted to do a straightforward quantitative experiment. I like numbers and statistics, so this kind of study seemed to be a natural extension of my interests. My subject, however, was a bit novel: I was trying to build a comprehensive model to measure inpatient nurse workload. I had always worked in hospitals and used patient acuity systems (systems used to measure the intensity of a patient’s care needs) to assess the nursing workload, but a nurse said something that intrigued me: “If all I had to do was take care of my patients, I’d be fine.” I set out to find out what all those other demands were, and how they affec.
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2. What is Research ?
Research Projects.
Characteristics of Good Research.
Criteria For a Good Research.
Process of Making an Effective Research.
3. Research is:
“…the systematic process of
collecting and analyzing information
(data) in order to increase our
understanding of the phenomenon
about which we are concerned or
interested.”
4. 1. Originates with a question or problem.
2. Requires clear articulation of a goal.
3. Follows a specific plan or procedure.
4. Often divides main problem into sub problems.
5. Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.
6. Accepts certain critical assumptions.
7. Requires collection and interpretation of data.
8. Cyclical (helical) in nature.
5. Research begins with a problem.
Identifying this problem can actually be the hardest
part of research.
In general, good research projects should:
◦ Address an important question.
◦ Advance knowledge.
6. Good research requires:
◦ The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly defined.
◦ The process to be clearly explained so that it can be
reproduced and verified by other researchers.
◦ A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as possible.
7. Good research requires:
◦ Highly ethical standards be applied.
◦ All limitations be documented.
◦ Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
◦ All findings be presented unambiguously and all
conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.
8. Research is an extremely cyclic process.
This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of the
built-in error correction machinery.
Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be
difficult to determine where to start and when to
stop.
9. Raising a Question.
Suggest Hypothesis.
Literature Review.
Literature Evaluation.
Acquire Data.
Data Analysis.
Data Interpretation.
Hypothesis Support.
10. A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher for
which that researcher has no answer.
The question needs to be converted to an
appropriate problem statement like that
documented in a research proposal.
11. The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses
to describe a solution to the problem.
◦ This is at best a temporary solution since there is as yet no
evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection of
these hypothesis.
12. The available literature is reviewed to determine if
there is already a solution to the problem.
◦ Existing solutions do not always explain new observations.
◦ The existing solution might require some revision or even
be discarded.
13. It’s possible that the literature review has yielded a
solution to the proposed problem.
On the other hand, if the literature review turns up
nothing, then additional research activities are
justified.
14. The researcher now begins to gather data relating to
the research problem.
The means of data acquisition will often change
based on the type of the research problem.
15. The data that were gathered in the previous step are
analyzed as a first step in ascertaining their meaning.
As before, the analysis of the data does not
constitute research.
16. The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data
and suggests a conclusion.
◦ This can be difficult.
◦ Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation
between two variables can’t automatically be interpreted as
suggesting causality between those variables.
17. The data will either support the hypotheses or they
won’t.
◦ This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier step
in the process and begin again with a new hypothesis.
◦ This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated
with the scientific method.