This document provides an overview of key concepts in research, including what research is and is not, the research process, common methodologies, and important elements of research proposals. It discusses that research is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding, and notes key characteristics like originating with a question and requiring a specific plan. The document outlines the typical research process, from raising a question to acquiring and analyzing data to interpreting results. It also contrasts quantitative and qualitative methodologies, and discusses important parts of research proposals like the problem statement, hypotheses, and literature review.
Research methodology and the steps to follow while carrying out research. Literature review, how to do technical paper writing. how to choose research problem.
Research methodology and the steps to follow while carrying out research. Literature review, how to do technical paper writing. how to choose research problem.
This document dovetails the process of research in brief. It highlights the importance of understanding the problem statement and its motivation. Research being an iterative process it is essential to frame the problem statement carefully before proceeding to the next stage. A research study must be reliable, valid and accurate.
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.
This document dovetails the process of research in brief. It highlights the importance of understanding the problem statement and its motivation. Research being an iterative process it is essential to frame the problem statement carefully before proceeding to the next stage. A research study must be reliable, valid and accurate.
Kinds and Classification of Research
Some Hindrances of Scientific Inquiry
The scientific Method of research
Principles of Scientific Method of Research
Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Agenda
Research Basics
What research is and is not
Where research comes from
Research deliverables
Methodologies
Research process
Quantitative versus qualitative research
Questions
3. Research Basics
What research is and isn’t
Research characteristics
Research projects and pitfalls
Sources of research projects
Elements of research proposals
Literature reviews
4. What Research Is Not
Research isn’t information gathering:
Gathering information from resources such books
or magazines isn’t research.
No contribution to new knowledge.
Research isn’t the transportation of facts:
Merely transporting facts from one resource to
another doesn’t constitute research.
No contribution to new knowledge although this
might make existing knowledge more accessible.
5. What Research Is
Research is:
“…the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information (data) in order to increase
our understanding of the phenomenon about
which we are concerned or interested.”1
6. Research Characteristics
1. Originates with a question or problem.
2. Requires clear articulation of a goal.
3. Follows a specific plan or procedure.
4. Often divides main problem into subproblems.
5. Guided by specific problem, question, or
hypothesis.
6. Accepts certain critical assumptions.
7. Requires collection and interpretation of data.
8. Cyclical (helical) in nature.
7. Research Projects
Research begins with a problem.
This problem need not be Earth-shaking.
Identifying this problem can actually be the
hardest part of research.
In general, good research projects should:
Address an important question.
Advance knowledge.
8. Research Project Pitfalls
The following kinds of projects usually don’t
make for good research:
Self-enlightenment.
Comparing data sets.
Correlating data sets.
Problems with yes / no answers.
9. High-Quality Research
(1 of 2)
Good research requires:
The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly
defined.
The process to be clearly explained so that it can
be reproduced and verified by other researchers.
A thoroughly planned design that is as objective
as possible.
10. High-Quality Research
(2 of 2)
Good research requires:
Highly ethical standards be applied.
All limitations be documented.
Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
All findings be presented unambiguously and all
conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.
11. Sources of Research Problems
Observation.
Literature reviews.
Professional conferences.
Experts.
12. Stating the Research Problem
Once you’ve identified a research problem:
State that problem clearly and completely.
Determine the feasibility of the research.
Identify subproblems:
Completely researchable units.
Small in number.
Add up to the total problem.
Must be clearly tied to the interpretation of the
data.
13. Hypotheses
Hypotheses are tentative, intelligent guesses
as to the solution of the problem.
There is often a 1-1 correspondence between a
subproblem and a hypothesis.
Hypotheses can direct later research activities
since they can help determine the nature of the
research and methods applied.
14. Delimitations
All research has limitations and thus certain
work that will not be performed.
The work that will not be undertaken is
described as the delimitations of the
research.
15. Definitions
Define each technical term as it is used in
relation to your research project.
This helps remove significant ambiguity from the
research itself by ensuring that reviewers, while
they may not agree with your definitions, at least
know what you’re talking about.
16. Assumptions
Assumptions are those things that the
researcher is taking for granted.
For example: a given test instrument accurately
and consistently measures the phenomenon in
question.
As a general rule you’re better off
documenting an assumption than ignoring it.
Overlooked assumptions provide a prime source
of debate about a research project’s results.
17. Importance of the Study
Many research problems have a kind of
theoretical feel about them. Such projects
often need to be justified:
What is the research project’s practical value?
Without this justification, it will prove difficult to
convince others that the problem in question
is worth study.
18. Research Proposals
Research proposals are documents that
describe the intended research including:
Problem and subproblems.
Hypotheses.
Delimitations.
Definitions.
Assumptions.
Importance.
Literature review.
19. Literature Review
A literature review is a necessity.
Without this step, you won’t know if your problem
has been solved or what related research is
already underway.
When performing the review:
Start searching professional journals.
Begin with the most recent articles you can find.
Keep track of relevant articles in a bibliography.
Don’t be discouraged if work on the topic is
already underway.
20. Literature Review Pitfalls
(1 of 2)
Be very careful to check your sources when
doing your literature review.
Many trade magazines are not peer reviewed.
Professional conferences and journals often have
each article reviewed by multiple people before it
is even recommended for publication.
The IEEE and ACM digital libraries are good
places to start looking for legitimate research.
21. Literature Review Pitfalls
(2 of 2)
The Internet can be a good source of
information. It is also full of pseudo-science
and poor research.
Make sure you verify the claims of any
documentation that has not been peer
reviewed by other professionals in the
computing industry.
23. Research Process
Research is an extremely cyclic process.
Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier
work.
This isn’t a weakness of the process but is
part of the built-in error correction machinery.
Because of the cyclic nature of research, it
can be difficult to determine where to start
and when to stop.
24. Step 1: A Question Is Raised
A question occurs to or is posed to the
researcher for which that researcher has no
answer.
This doesn’t mean that someone else doesn’t
already have an answer.
The question needs to be converted to an
appropriate problem statement like that
documented in a research proposal.
25. Step 2: Suggest Hypotheses
The researcher generates intermediate
hypotheses to describe a solution to the
problem.
This is at best a temporary solution since there is
as yet no evidence to support either the
acceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.
26. Step 3: Literature Review
The available literature is reviewed to
determine if there is already a solution to the
problem.
Existing solutions do not always explain new
observations.
The existing solution might require some revision
or even be discarded.
27. Step 4: Literature Evaluation
It’s possible that the literature review has
yielded a solution to the proposed problem.
This means that you haven’t really done research.
On the other hand, if the literature review
turns up nothing, then additional research
activities are justified.
28. Step 5: Acquire Data
The researcher now begins to gather data
relating to the research problem.
The means of data acquisition will often change
based on the type of the research problem.
This might entail only data gathering, but it could
also require the creation of new measurement
instruments.
29. Step 6: Data Analysis
The data that were gathered in the previous
step are analyzed as a first step in
ascertaining their meaning.
As before, the analysis of the data does not
constitute research.
This is basic number crunching.
30. Step 7: Data Interpretation
The researcher interprets the newly analyzed
data and suggests a conclusion.
This can be difficult.
Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a
correlation between two variables can’t
automatically be interpreted as suggesting
causality between those variables.
31. Step 8: Hypothesis Support
The data will either support the hypotheses or
they won’t.
This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an
earlier step in the process and begin again with a
new hypothesis.
This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms
associated with the scientific method.
32. Common Methodologies
Methodologies are high-level approaches to
conducting research.
The individual steps within the methodology might
vary based on the research being performed.
Two commonly used research methodologies:
Quantitative.
Qualitative.
This presentation is a basic overview of research as it applies for Masters and PhD students. While the exact requirements between the two degrees is somewhat different, the basic concepts and approaches to research are not.
This presentation is only an overview of research. The only way to get better at research is to do it.
While both of these are tools used during research, they are not sufficient for research.
These don’t represent some kind of linear plan, but are rather common characteristics shared by almost all legitimate research regardless of the venue by which that research was conducted.
The concept of “important” questions is subjective and will depend on who you ask as well as the purpose of the research. For instance, PhD students have a different “bar” than Masters students owing to the requirement that their research be “original and significant.”
The first case is really an exercise in data gathering and doesn’t contribute new knowledge. The same argument holds for the second case. The third case is a mathematical statement but doesn’t address the reasons for the correlation (which might lead to new knowledge). A similar argument applies to the fourth case.
If other researchers can’t confirm your results, you may be faced with having studied an anomaly. Similarly, without a solid plan, you might have inadvertently introduced errors into the experimental design which immediately calls your results into question.
There are very few “perfect” research designs where some flaws aren’t present. That’s normal. However, these flaws must be documented as well as their possible impact on the outcome. While this won’t stop reviewers from criticizing the work, it makes it clear that you are aware of the problems and their impact upon your work.
Many of us have professional experience which can lead to possible research. Always be careful to differentiate between research and self-enlightenment.
A lot of computer literature, particularly research journals such as IEEE or ACM, show good research problems and possible sources of future work. Such future work can provide a good starting point for research projects.
The same groups also host professional conferences. DePaul has a student chapter of the ACM that might provide a good source of inspiration for research.
Many of the faculty here at DePaul have all kinds of problems that they’re trying to solve.
When documenting the proposed research, you should be as precise as you can. You’ll probably find yourself editing and revising many times to attain the necessary level of precision and clarity.
Documenting the delimitations is just as important as documenting the intended research. In essence, the problem and delimitations describe the scope of the project.
Keep the delimitations in mind as you move forward. Current delimitations might provide avenues for valuable future work.
The accurate and consistent measurement of some phenomenon is called validity and reliability respectively.
Many times the ability of a researcher to justify the importance of their research topic is directly proportional to their ability to receive funding. This basically requires good salesmanship.
There are some basic variations on this theme, but all of these areas will be covered. This format serves to crystalize your thought process and to help ensure that no critical elements of your research have been neglected.
Some journals include IEEE and ACM. Be careful of trade journals; they’re often not peer reviewed which can call the content into question in terms of its reliability and quality.
The bibliography could be a Word document, Excel spreadsheet, or bibliographic database. Even if the article doesn’t directly pertain to your current project, it might provide you with ideas.
We’ll try to give some guidelines as to how to choose starting and stopping points during your research work.
Please keep in mind that the following steps don’t have to be slavishly followed in the sequence in which they are presented.
The literature review is often a good source for additional ideas. This is also a good place to go in conjunction with the prior step; there’s no point in wasting good brain cells coming up with hypotheses that solve a problem that has already been adequately addressed.
Keep in mind that just because you didn’t find a solution today, doesn’t mean that one won’t show up tomorrow. This is one of the reasons that researchers are always reading and trying to keep up to date with current trends.
A statement of causality is very difficult to demonstrate because there often many other confounding factors. For an example of this, do a quick bit of reading on the hoops researchers had to go through while trying to show a causal link between smoking and certain kinds of cancer.
The choice of methodology might be governed by the kind of research being conducted. For example, the hard sciences tend to favor quantitative methodologies whereas the social sciences often gravitate toward qualitative approaches.
It’s quite common for both methodologies to be used during the course of a single research project.
These are some the differences in the intent and approaches between quantitative and qualitative research. There are other significant differences in approach as well, but these are some of the highlights. Keep in mind that research design is not a simple task.
The first site is the IEEE website and the second is main website for the Association of Computing Machinery. Both of these professional organizations have their own digital libraries containing conference proceedings and journal articles across all of their topics.