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Chapters 10 and 15

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Wesley McCammon
Wesley McCammon

This document discusses classification and viruses. It describes how phylogenies are based on homologous structures in living organisms that provide evidence of common ancestry. It also discusses how molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics, allowing phylogenetic hypotheses to be developed based on molecular comparisons. Viruses can integrate their DNA into host cells and remain latent for long periods. Bacteria can also transfer genes through transformation, transduction, or conjugation.

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Chapter 10 and 15 Classification and Viruses 0
PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 15.6
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 15.7A Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Felis catus Felis Felidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya
[object Object],[object Object],Species Felis catus (domestic cat) Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Lutra lutra (European otter) Canis familiaris (domestic dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Genus Family Order Felis Felidae Carnivora Mustelidae Mephitis Lutra Canis Canidae Figure 15.7B
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Taxa Ingroup (Mammals) Outgroup (Reptiles) Eastern box turtle Duck-billed platypus Red kangaroo North American beaver Characters Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Long gestation Gestation Hair, mammary glands Vertebral column Vertebral column Figure 15.8A 3 2 1 3 1 2
[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Figure 15.8B Lizards Snakes Crocodiles Birds Common reptilian ancestor
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Brown bear Polar bear Asiatic black bear American black bear Sun bear Sloth bear Spectacled bear Giant panda Raccoon Lesser panda Pleistocene Pliocene 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Oligocene Miocene Millions of years ago Ursidae Procyonidae Common ancestral carnivorans Figure 15.9A
[object Object],[object Object],Student Mushroom Tulip Common ancestor Figure 15.9B
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Human Chimpanzee Gorilla Orangutan Common ancestor Figure 15.9C
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Earliest organisms Prokaryotes Eukoryotes Figure 15.10A
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Earliest organisms Prokaryotes Eukoryotes Figure 15.10B
MICROBIAL GENETICS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally, replicating the prophage at each cell division Phage DNA inserts into the bacterial chromosome by recombination New phage DNA and proteins are synthesized Phages assemble Cell lyses, releasing phages Phage Attaches to cell Phage DNA Phage injects DNA Many cell divisions Prophage Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle OR Bacterial chromosome Phage DNA circularizes Figure 10.17
CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Membranous envelope RNA Protein coat Glycoprotein spike Figure 10.18A
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Glycoprotein spike Envelope Protein coat Viral RNA (genome) VIRUS Plasma membrane of host cell Viral RNA (genome) Template New viral genome Exit mRNA 7 New viral proteins Figure 10.18B Entry 1 Uncoating 2 RNA synthesis by viral enzyme 3 Protein synthesis 4 RNA synthesis (other strand) 5 Assembly 6
CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Protein RNA Figure 10.19
CONNECTION ,[object Object],Colorized TEM 50,000  Colorized TEM 370,000  Figure 10.20A, B
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Envelope Glycoprotein Protein coat RNA (two identical strands) Reverse transcriptase Figure 10.21A
[object Object],[object Object],1 2 3 4 5 6 Viral RNA RNA strand Double- stranded DNA Viral RNA and proteins CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS Chromosomal DNA Provirus DNA RNA Figure 10.21B
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],DNA enters cell Fragment of DNA from another bacterial cell Bacterial chromosome (DNA) Phage Fragment of DNA from another bacterial cell (former phage host) Phage Sex pili Mating bridge Donor cell (“male”) Recipient cell (“female”) Figure 10.22A–C
[object Object],[object Object],Recipient cell’s chromosome Recombinant chromosome Donated DNA Crossovers Degraded DNA Figure 10.22D
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Plasmids Colorized TEM 2,000  Cell now male Plasmid completes transfer and circularizes F factor starts replication and transfer Male (donor) cell Bacterial chromosome F factor (plasmid) Recombination can occur Only part of the chromosome transfers F factor starts replication and transfer of chromosome Origin of F replication Bacterial chromosome Male (donor) cell F factor (integrated) Recipient cell Figure 10.23A–C

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