The bacterial genome consists of a single circular chromosome that replicates and is passed on to daughter cells through binary fission. Mutation allows for genetic variation but occurs rarely. Genetic recombination through transformation, transduction, and conjugation can occur and introduce more variation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA while transduction involves gene transfer by bacteriophage. Conjugation involves direct transfer of DNA between cells via plasmids like the F plasmid. Plasmids are small self-replicating DNA elements that can be passed between cells.