This chapter introduces electronic communication systems and the topics that will be covered in the chapter. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the transmitter, channel, and receiver. It describes different types of communication such as simplex, full duplex, and half duplex. It also covers analog and digital signals. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as modulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum which classifies different frequency ranges used for transmission.
This document provides an overview of analog signal communication systems. It discusses how baseband signals need to be modulated to higher frequencies suitable for transmission over a channel. It introduces multiplexing as a way to send multiple signals simultaneously. It describes the main types of analog modulation: amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It compares AM and FM and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It also provides a brief overview of noise in communication systems and how it can degrade performance.
Pulse modulation techniques can encode an analog signal for transmission. This document discusses several techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) which varies pulse amplitudes based on sample values of the message signal.
- Pulse code modulation (PCM) which assigns a binary code to each analog sample. PCM is commonly used in digital communications systems.
- Delta modulation which transmits one bit per sample indicating if the current sample is more positive or negative than the previous. It requires higher sampling rates than PCM for equal quality.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a technique that is a compromise between double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and single sideband (SSB) modulation. In VSB, one sideband is transmitted completely and the other sideband (called the vestigial sideband) is only partially transmitted. This allows for more efficient use of bandwidth than DSB-SC while avoiding some of the information loss that can occur with practical SSB filters. VSB modulation is commonly used for television signal transmission because it provides a good balance between bandwidth usage and demodulation complexity.
MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication performance. It takes advantage of multipath propagation by using spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing. With spatial diversity, the same information is transmitted from different antennas to improve reliability and coverage. With spatial multiplexing, different data streams are transmitted from different antennas to increase data rates. MIMO can significantly increase capacity, quality, and spectral efficiency compared to single-input systems. It is used in technologies like 3G, 4G, and will be important for 5G networks.
This chapter of the textbook provides an overview of fundamental electronics concepts including gain, attenuation, decibels, tuned circuits, filters, and Fourier theory. It discusses how circuits manipulate signals through gain and attenuation. Key aspects covered include calculating gain and attenuation in decibels, the fundamentals of reactive components like capacitors and inductors in tuned circuits, the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits, and the basic types of passive and active filters. The chapter aims to review these essential electronics topics as background for further communication systems principles discussed in later chapters.
This document discusses analog communications and AM transmission. It provides an overview of the key components of an analog communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and recipient. It then discusses amplitude modulation techniques, including modulation index and the frequency spectrum of AM signals. It also covers AM receivers and transmitters, explaining common circuit stages like mixers, oscillators and modulators.
This document discusses the key concepts of frequency modulation (FM) covered in Chapter 5. It explains that in FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal, while the carrier amplitude remains constant. The chapter covers the principles of both FM and phase modulation (PM), including modulation index, sidebands, bandwidth, and noise suppression properties. Bessel functions are used to calculate the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands for different modulation indexes. The chapter compares FM and AM modulation techniques and explains how FM provides better noise suppression using limiter circuits and pre-emphasis filtering.
This document provides an overview of analog signal communication systems. It discusses how baseband signals need to be modulated to higher frequencies suitable for transmission over a channel. It introduces multiplexing as a way to send multiple signals simultaneously. It describes the main types of analog modulation: amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). It compares AM and FM and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It also provides a brief overview of noise in communication systems and how it can degrade performance.
Pulse modulation techniques can encode an analog signal for transmission. This document discusses several techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) which varies pulse amplitudes based on sample values of the message signal.
- Pulse code modulation (PCM) which assigns a binary code to each analog sample. PCM is commonly used in digital communications systems.
- Delta modulation which transmits one bit per sample indicating if the current sample is more positive or negative than the previous. It requires higher sampling rates than PCM for equal quality.
Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:
- Understand the key elements of a communication system including information sources, transmitters, transmission mediums, receivers, and destination equipment.
- Comprehend core concepts such as signals, modulation, noise, interference, and frequency spectrums.
- Learn about various communication system types including radio, broadcasting, and computer networks.
Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a technique that is a compromise between double sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) and single sideband (SSB) modulation. In VSB, one sideband is transmitted completely and the other sideband (called the vestigial sideband) is only partially transmitted. This allows for more efficient use of bandwidth than DSB-SC while avoiding some of the information loss that can occur with practical SSB filters. VSB modulation is commonly used for television signal transmission because it provides a good balance between bandwidth usage and demodulation complexity.
MIMO uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication performance. It takes advantage of multipath propagation by using spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing. With spatial diversity, the same information is transmitted from different antennas to improve reliability and coverage. With spatial multiplexing, different data streams are transmitted from different antennas to increase data rates. MIMO can significantly increase capacity, quality, and spectral efficiency compared to single-input systems. It is used in technologies like 3G, 4G, and will be important for 5G networks.
This chapter of the textbook provides an overview of fundamental electronics concepts including gain, attenuation, decibels, tuned circuits, filters, and Fourier theory. It discusses how circuits manipulate signals through gain and attenuation. Key aspects covered include calculating gain and attenuation in decibels, the fundamentals of reactive components like capacitors and inductors in tuned circuits, the characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits, and the basic types of passive and active filters. The chapter aims to review these essential electronics topics as background for further communication systems principles discussed in later chapters.
This document discusses analog communications and AM transmission. It provides an overview of the key components of an analog communication system including the source, transmitter, channel, receiver and recipient. It then discusses amplitude modulation techniques, including modulation index and the frequency spectrum of AM signals. It also covers AM receivers and transmitters, explaining common circuit stages like mixers, oscillators and modulators.
This document discusses the key concepts of frequency modulation (FM) covered in Chapter 5. It explains that in FM, the carrier frequency varies proportionally to the amplitude of the modulating signal, while the carrier amplitude remains constant. The chapter covers the principles of both FM and phase modulation (PM), including modulation index, sidebands, bandwidth, and noise suppression properties. Bessel functions are used to calculate the amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands for different modulation indexes. The chapter compares FM and AM modulation techniques and explains how FM provides better noise suppression using limiter circuits and pre-emphasis filtering.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". The chapter covers FM circuits, including frequency modulators, phase modulators, and frequency demodulators. Section 6-1 describes different types of frequency modulator circuits such as varactor diodes, reactance modulators, and voltage-controlled oscillators. Section 6-2 discusses phase modulator circuits that use varactors, transistors, and tuned circuits. Section 6-3 reviews common frequency demodulator or detector circuits like slope detectors, pulse-averaging discriminators, and quadrature detectors.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
The chapter discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses based on the analog signal, PWM varies the width of pulses, PPM varies the position of pulses, and PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code using sampling and quantization. Digital communication through pulse modulation offers advantages like easier reception, less signal corruption over distance, ability to clean up noise and amplify signals, security through coding, and ability to store signals.
This document discusses the history and principles of communications systems. It covers the stages of communications development from early electrical engineering foundations to modern integrated digital networks. Key topics include automated telephone switching, radio transmission, data transfer rates using parallel and serial communications, Boolean logic operations, bit shifting and masking, and matrix operations for multiple data formats in telecommunications.
Angle modulation techniques such as frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were introduced. FM varies the carrier frequency according to the message signal, while PM varies the carrier phase. The chapter covered the concepts of instantaneous frequency, bandwidth of angle modulated signals, generation of FM signals through direct and indirect methods, and demodulation of FM signals using discriminators and phase-locked loops. Key advantages of FM over AM include improved noise immunity and resistance to interference at the cost of increased transmission bandwidth.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 1-3)Adnan Zafar
This document provides an overview of a communication systems course. It introduces the instructor, textbook, learning outcomes, and assessment criteria. The contents will cover communication systems fundamentals including analog and digital messages, modulation and detection techniques, source and error coding, and a brief history of telecommunications. Students will learn about signals, channels, modulation schemes like AM and FM, and analyze different transmission methods.
This document summarizes a lecture on data communications and networking. It discusses different types of signals including digital signals, which are discrete, and analog signals, which are continuous. Periodic signals repeat in a consistent pattern, while aperiodic signals do not. Simple analog signals like sine waves are characterized by amplitude, frequency, and phase. Composite signals contain multiple frequencies. Digital signals have a bit rate and bit interval. The document also covers network terminology, transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion, and noise.
The document discusses helical antennas, which consist of a conductor wound into a helical shape above a ground plane. Helical antennas provide circular polarization and are used at very high and ultra-high frequencies. The construction of a helical antenna involves parameters like length, number of turns, diameter, circumference, pitch angle, and distance from the ground plane. It can operate in either a normal mode or an axial mode, and the axial mode is generally used. Applications of helical antennas include AM broadcasting, reducing AC line noise, and low-frequency uses like RFID and airport door controls.
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
Modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal. Digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital services, higher security, better quality, and faster availability compared to analog modulation. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK) and their variants. PSK techniques include binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential PSK (DPSK). QPSK transmits twice as much data as BPSK within the same bandwidth. DPSK avoids the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. Key considerations in modulation include power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and bit error rate.
This document discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques used in analog and digital communication systems. It begins by defining pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and describing how the amplitude of pulses varies proportionally to the message signal. It then discusses different types of PAM based on the sampling technique used - ideal, natural, and flat-top sampling. Flat-top sampling uses sample-and-hold circuits and can introduce amplitude distortion known as the aperture effect. The document also covers pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse code modulation (PCM), delta modulation (DM), and their advantages. It explains the sampling theorem and proves it through Fourier analysis. Finally, it discusses bandwidth requirements, transmission, drawbacks
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
This document discusses simple telephone communication systems and their components. It describes how a carbon microphone works as an amplitude modulator to transmit sound signals along the line. An inductor allows DC current to flow while acting as a high impedance element for voice signals. At the receiver, an electromagnet converts the electrical signals back into sound waves. Early telephone systems used half duplex communication and included sidetone circuits to allow users to hear themselves. The document also covers the components and operation of local battery and central battery telephone exchanges.
This document provides an overview of equalizer design in digital communication systems. It discusses the need for equalization to address inter-symbol interference caused by channel limitations. It describes two main equalizer designs: zero-forcing equalizers that apply the inverse channel response and minimum mean square error equalizers that minimize the error between the equalized signal and desired signal. It explains how the tap coefficients of these equalizers can be calculated using linear algebra methods like solving sets of equations. The document concludes by noting that equalization is a key technique in modern communications to compensate for channel distortions.
Delta modulation is a modulation technique that transmits only one bit per sample of an analog signal. It works by comparing the present sample value to the previous one and transmitting a bit to indicate if the value increased or decreased. This results in a stepped approximation of the original signal. Only a single bit is needed per sample, allowing delta modulation to have a lower signaling rate and bandwidth than PCM. However, it suffers from slope overload distortion if the input signal changes too quickly for the fixed step size. It also produces granular noise for small input variations due to the large step size. Despite these issues, delta modulation is used for voice transmission systems due to its simple implementation and emphasis on timely delivery over quality.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 1 - Introduction to Digital Signal ProcessingAmr E. Mohamed
This lecture provides an introduction to digital signal processing. It defines what a signal is and discusses different types of signals including analog, discrete-time, and digital signals. It also covers signal classifications such as deterministic vs random, stationary vs non-stationary, and finite vs infinite length signals. The lecture then discusses analog signal processing systems and digital signal processing systems as well as transformations between time and frequency domains. It provides an overview of pros and cons of analog vs digital signal processing and examples of applications of digital signal processing.
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) encodes message information in the amplitude of signal pulses. A PAM-4 modulator takes two bits at a time and maps them to one of four amplitude levels, such as -3V, -1V, 1V, and 3V. Demodulation detects the amplitude level of each symbol period. PAM is widely used for baseband digital data transmission, though other modulation methods are now more common.
The document discusses digital communication systems. It provides examples of digital communication including an email sent to invite team members to a meeting. It then explains the key building blocks of a digital communication system including the input source, source encoder, channel encoder, digital modulator, channel, digital demodulator, channel decoder, source decoder and output transducer. The document also discusses channels used for digital communication, causes of signal loss, and comparisons between digital and analog communication systems.
This document provides information about amplitude modulation techniques. It discusses:
1) Amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude of a carrier signal according to a modulating signal. This shifts the modulating signal's spectrum to the carrier frequency.
2) Demodulation which is the process of receiving the original signal by multiplying the modulated signal with the carrier signal.
3) Modulators including multiplier modulators, nonlinear modulators, and switching modulators which can be used to perform amplitude modulation.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introduction to electronic communication textbook. It discusses the significance of human communication, components of communication systems including transmitters, channels, and receivers. It also describes types of electronic communication such as simplex, full duplex, and digital/analog signals. Modulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum are explained. The chapter concludes with an overview of various communication applications and careers in the communication industry.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 6 from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". The chapter covers FM circuits, including frequency modulators, phase modulators, and frequency demodulators. Section 6-1 describes different types of frequency modulator circuits such as varactor diodes, reactance modulators, and voltage-controlled oscillators. Section 6-2 discusses phase modulator circuits that use varactors, transistors, and tuned circuits. Section 6-3 reviews common frequency demodulator or detector circuits like slope detectors, pulse-averaging discriminators, and quadrature detectors.
This chapter of the textbook covers amplitude modulation fundamentals, including:
- The basic concepts of how an information signal varies the amplitude of a carrier wave in AM.
- Modulation index and percentage of modulation, and the importance of avoiding overmodulation which causes distortion.
- How sidebands are generated above and below the carrier frequency during modulation.
- How AM signals can be represented in both the time and frequency domains.
- The calculation of power in AM signals and how power is distributed between the carrier and sidebands.
- An introduction to single sideband modulation as a more efficient form of AM that eliminates the carrier wave.
The chapter discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses based on the analog signal, PWM varies the width of pulses, PPM varies the position of pulses, and PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code using sampling and quantization. Digital communication through pulse modulation offers advantages like easier reception, less signal corruption over distance, ability to clean up noise and amplify signals, security through coding, and ability to store signals.
This document discusses the history and principles of communications systems. It covers the stages of communications development from early electrical engineering foundations to modern integrated digital networks. Key topics include automated telephone switching, radio transmission, data transfer rates using parallel and serial communications, Boolean logic operations, bit shifting and masking, and matrix operations for multiple data formats in telecommunications.
Angle modulation techniques such as frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were introduced. FM varies the carrier frequency according to the message signal, while PM varies the carrier phase. The chapter covered the concepts of instantaneous frequency, bandwidth of angle modulated signals, generation of FM signals through direct and indirect methods, and demodulation of FM signals using discriminators and phase-locked loops. Key advantages of FM over AM include improved noise immunity and resistance to interference at the cost of increased transmission bandwidth.
Communication Systems_B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding (Lecture No 1-3)Adnan Zafar
This document provides an overview of a communication systems course. It introduces the instructor, textbook, learning outcomes, and assessment criteria. The contents will cover communication systems fundamentals including analog and digital messages, modulation and detection techniques, source and error coding, and a brief history of telecommunications. Students will learn about signals, channels, modulation schemes like AM and FM, and analyze different transmission methods.
This document summarizes a lecture on data communications and networking. It discusses different types of signals including digital signals, which are discrete, and analog signals, which are continuous. Periodic signals repeat in a consistent pattern, while aperiodic signals do not. Simple analog signals like sine waves are characterized by amplitude, frequency, and phase. Composite signals contain multiple frequencies. Digital signals have a bit rate and bit interval. The document also covers network terminology, transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion, and noise.
The document discusses helical antennas, which consist of a conductor wound into a helical shape above a ground plane. Helical antennas provide circular polarization and are used at very high and ultra-high frequencies. The construction of a helical antenna involves parameters like length, number of turns, diameter, circumference, pitch angle, and distance from the ground plane. It can operate in either a normal mode or an axial mode, and the axial mode is generally used. Applications of helical antennas include AM broadcasting, reducing AC line noise, and low-frequency uses like RFID and airport door controls.
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN ChannelAWANISHKUMAR84
Optimum Receiver corrupted by AWGN Channel
This topic is related to Advance Digital Communication Engineering. In this ppt, you will get all details explanations of the receiver how to get affected by white Noise.
Modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal. Digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital services, higher security, better quality, and faster availability compared to analog modulation. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK) and their variants. PSK techniques include binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential PSK (DPSK). QPSK transmits twice as much data as BPSK within the same bandwidth. DPSK avoids the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. Key considerations in modulation include power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and bit error rate.
This document discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques used in analog and digital communication systems. It begins by defining pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and describing how the amplitude of pulses varies proportionally to the message signal. It then discusses different types of PAM based on the sampling technique used - ideal, natural, and flat-top sampling. Flat-top sampling uses sample-and-hold circuits and can introduce amplitude distortion known as the aperture effect. The document also covers pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), pulse code modulation (PCM), delta modulation (DM), and their advantages. It explains the sampling theorem and proves it through Fourier analysis. Finally, it discusses bandwidth requirements, transmission, drawbacks
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
This document discusses simple telephone communication systems and their components. It describes how a carbon microphone works as an amplitude modulator to transmit sound signals along the line. An inductor allows DC current to flow while acting as a high impedance element for voice signals. At the receiver, an electromagnet converts the electrical signals back into sound waves. Early telephone systems used half duplex communication and included sidetone circuits to allow users to hear themselves. The document also covers the components and operation of local battery and central battery telephone exchanges.
This document provides an overview of equalizer design in digital communication systems. It discusses the need for equalization to address inter-symbol interference caused by channel limitations. It describes two main equalizer designs: zero-forcing equalizers that apply the inverse channel response and minimum mean square error equalizers that minimize the error between the equalized signal and desired signal. It explains how the tap coefficients of these equalizers can be calculated using linear algebra methods like solving sets of equations. The document concludes by noting that equalization is a key technique in modern communications to compensate for channel distortions.
Delta modulation is a modulation technique that transmits only one bit per sample of an analog signal. It works by comparing the present sample value to the previous one and transmitting a bit to indicate if the value increased or decreased. This results in a stepped approximation of the original signal. Only a single bit is needed per sample, allowing delta modulation to have a lower signaling rate and bandwidth than PCM. However, it suffers from slope overload distortion if the input signal changes too quickly for the fixed step size. It also produces granular noise for small input variations due to the large step size. Despite these issues, delta modulation is used for voice transmission systems due to its simple implementation and emphasis on timely delivery over quality.
DSP_2018_FOEHU - Lec 1 - Introduction to Digital Signal ProcessingAmr E. Mohamed
This lecture provides an introduction to digital signal processing. It defines what a signal is and discusses different types of signals including analog, discrete-time, and digital signals. It also covers signal classifications such as deterministic vs random, stationary vs non-stationary, and finite vs infinite length signals. The lecture then discusses analog signal processing systems and digital signal processing systems as well as transformations between time and frequency domains. It provides an overview of pros and cons of analog vs digital signal processing and examples of applications of digital signal processing.
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) encodes message information in the amplitude of signal pulses. A PAM-4 modulator takes two bits at a time and maps them to one of four amplitude levels, such as -3V, -1V, 1V, and 3V. Demodulation detects the amplitude level of each symbol period. PAM is widely used for baseband digital data transmission, though other modulation methods are now more common.
The document discusses digital communication systems. It provides examples of digital communication including an email sent to invite team members to a meeting. It then explains the key building blocks of a digital communication system including the input source, source encoder, channel encoder, digital modulator, channel, digital demodulator, channel decoder, source decoder and output transducer. The document also discusses channels used for digital communication, causes of signal loss, and comparisons between digital and analog communication systems.
This document provides information about amplitude modulation techniques. It discusses:
1) Amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude of a carrier signal according to a modulating signal. This shifts the modulating signal's spectrum to the carrier frequency.
2) Demodulation which is the process of receiving the original signal by multiplying the modulated signal with the carrier signal.
3) Modulators including multiplier modulators, nonlinear modulators, and switching modulators which can be used to perform amplitude modulation.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 1 of an introduction to electronic communication textbook. It discusses the significance of human communication, components of communication systems including transmitters, channels, and receivers. It also describes types of electronic communication such as simplex, full duplex, and digital/analog signals. Modulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum are explained. The chapter concludes with an overview of various communication applications and careers in the communication industry.
SIGNAL SPECTRA EXPERIMENT 2 - FINALS (for PULA)Sarah Krystelle
This document describes an experiment conducted on a class B push-pull power amplifier. The objectives were to determine the dc and ac load lines, observe crossover distortion, measure maximum output voltage and power, and calculate efficiency. The circuit diagram and theory of operation for a class B push-pull amplifier are provided. Key steps in the procedure involve using simulations and equipment to analyze the input/output waveforms, dc bias voltages, and performance metrics.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on digital communication techniques. It covers topics such as digital transmission of data, parallel and serial transmission, and data conversion. Some key points include:
- Digital communication has largely replaced analog communication since the 1970s due to benefits like noise immunity, error detection/correction, and compatibility with technologies like time-division multiplexing.
- Data can be transmitted either in parallel (all bits at once) or serially (one bit at a time). Serial transmission is more practical for long distances.
- Analog to digital conversion (ADC) involves sampling an analog signal and assigning it a digital value, while digital to analog conversion (DAC) reconstructs an analog signal from digital values.
This document discusses the basics of electronic communication. It defines communication as the process of exchanging information between two parties. It describes two types of signals - analog and digital. It also outlines the basic components of a communication system including the input transducer, transmitter, communication channel, receiver and output transducer. The document discusses noise as an unwanted disturbance in communication systems and lists different types of internal and external noise. It also defines simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex communication systems and provides examples of applications for each type.
The document provides an overview of principles of electronic communication systems. It discusses the importance of communication and basic communication systems components. It also covers topics like modulation, multiplexing, the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and various communication applications. Finally, it discusses careers in the communication industry and major employers.
This document provides an overview of the history and principles of communication engineering. It discusses:
1) The history of communication technologies from smoke signals to modern cellular networks and the internet. Key developments included the electrical telegraph in 1838, telephone in 1876, radio in 1896, and fiber optics in 1964.
2) The basic concepts of modulation and demodulation. Modulation involves varying characteristics of a carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to transmit an information signal. Demodulation recovers the original signal.
3) Examples of different communication systems like telephone, telex, fax, videophone, pager, mobile phone, and satellite phone. It also describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of
This chapter discusses radio transmitters and their components. It begins with an overview of transmitter fundamentals, including the basic requirements of carrier generation, modulation, power amplification, and impedance matching. It then covers various carrier generation methods using crystal oscillators, frequency synthesizers, and direct digital synthesis. The chapter also examines the three main types of power amplifiers: linear, Class C, and switching. Linear amplifiers accurately amplify signals, while Class C and switching amplifiers are more efficient but introduce distortion that requires additional circuitry. The chapter provides examples of typical circuits used for buffering, pushing, pulling, and broadening the bandwidth of radio transmitter signals.
This chapter discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits. It covers the basic principles of amplitude modulation and describes different types of modulators including diode, transistor, and PIN diode modulators. It also discusses high-level modulation techniques like collector and series modulation. The chapter describes amplitude demodulation circuits like diode detectors and synchronous detectors. It explains how these circuits work to generate and recover amplitude modulated signals.
The document discusses the key aspects of communication including the definition, process, types, levels and barriers of communication. It defines communication as the exchange of information, ideas, thoughts and feelings through various channels like speech, signals, writing and behavior. The types of communication covered are verbal, nonverbal, oral, and written. Verbal communication can be oral or written, while nonverbal involves body language, appearance and sounds. The levels of communication range from intrapersonal to interpersonal, small group, one-to-group, and mass communication. Barriers to effective communication include physical, perceptual, emotional, cultural, language, gender and interpersonal factors. The document also provides tips for overcoming barriers and tools for effective
This document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" by Louis E. Frenzel Jr. It provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems, including the components of a basic communication system (transmitter, channel, receiver), different types of signals and modulation, the electromagnetic spectrum, and applications of communication technology. The chapter covers fundamentals of communication systems and lays the groundwork for further discussion in later chapters.
Speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s
Frequency = 4 MHz = 4 x 106 Hz
Wavelength = Speed of light / Frequency
= 3 x 108 m/s / 4 x 106 Hz
= 3 x 108 m/s / 4 x 106 cycles/sec
= 75 meters
So the wavelength is 75 meters.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electronic communication systems from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". It covers topics such as the components of communication systems, types of electronic communication including analog/digital and simplex/duplex, modulation techniques, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum. The document consists of sections from chapter 1 of the textbook that define and illustrate these fundamental concepts.
Principles Of Electronic Communication SystemSagar Kumar
This document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. It provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems that are covered in Chapter 1, including the significance of human communication, basic components of communication systems, types of electronic communication (analog vs. digital, simplex vs. duplex), modulation and multiplexing techniques, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The document discusses these topics in detail through text and illustrations.
This document is an excerpt from Chapter 1 of the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems" by Louis E. Frenzel, Jr. It provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems that are covered in Chapter 1, including the significance of human communication, basic components of communication systems, types of electronic communication (analog vs. digital, simplex vs. duplex), modulation and multiplexing techniques, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The document discusses these topics in detail through text and illustrations.
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from the textbook "Principles of Electronic Communication Systems". The chapter introduces key concepts about electronic communication systems including: the components of a basic communication system (transmitter, channel, receiver); different types of communication (simplex, duplex, analog, digital); modulation and multiplexing techniques; and the electromagnetic spectrum. It summarizes the topics that will be covered in each section of chapter 1.
The document provides an overview of key topics in electronic communication systems, including:
- The basic components of a communication system including transmitters, channels, receivers, and noise.
- Types of electronic communication such as one-way, two-way, analog, and digital signals.
- Modulation and multiplexing techniques used to transmit information over channels efficiently.
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different frequencies are used for various applications like radio, infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet waves.
- Other concepts covered are bandwidth, spectrum management, and standards to ensure compatibility between systems. The document concludes with a brief mention of a survey of various communication applications.
The document discusses key concepts in electronic communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information and describes the basic components of a communication system as a transmitter, channel, and receiver. It then explains different types of electronic communication including analog and digital signals, as well as modulation techniques like amplitude and frequency modulation. The document also covers topics such as the electromagnetic spectrum, bandwidth, and examples of common communication applications.
This document provides an introduction to a communication systems course. It outlines the course structure, assessments, references, and teaching staff. It also summarizes key topics that will be covered in Chapter 1, including the components and types of communication systems, modulation, multiplexing, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The chapter topics focus on defining communication systems, describing analog and digital signals, and explaining common modulation techniques.
Ch 01 part 2 - history of telecommunications and regulations sakariachromabook
Telecommunication involves the transmission of signals over a distance for communication purposes. It includes various components and subsystems that work together to transfer information. Communication signals can be analog, representing continuous variations in amplitude, frequency, or other properties, or digital, representing information as a series of binary digits. Baseband signals are the original information signals like audio or video, while broadband signals modulate a carrier wave at a higher frequency to transmit the baseband signal. Telecommunication has evolved over time from early electrical telegraph systems to current fixed, mobile, and data communication networks that transmit both analog and digital signals and information. The International Telecommunications Union establishes standards and regulations for global telecommunication networks and services.
This document discusses key concepts in communication systems including:
1) The basic elements of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver.
2) Types of communication including simplex, full duplex, and half duplex as well as analog and digital signals.
3) Modulation and multiplexing which allow signals to be transmitted efficiently over a channel by modifying the signal or combining multiple signals.
Communication is the exchange of information through transmission and reception of messages. The basic elements of communication are an information source, transmitter, communication channel, and receiver. There are different types of electronic communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Analog signals vary continuously while digital signals change in discrete steps. Channel multiplexing and modulation techniques like frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing allow efficient transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. Optical fiber communication systems transmit information as light pulses along optical fibers and have advantages over traditional metal cable systems like increased bandwidth and lower signal attenuation.
The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Communication Engineering course. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including transmitters, receivers, channels and noise. It also covers electromagnetic waves, analog and digital signals and systems, modulation techniques, and the electromagnetic spectrum and frequency allocations.
The document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the Communication Engineering course. The key topics include:
1) The basic elements of a communication system including transmitters, receivers, channels and noise.
2) A brief history of communication technologies from ancient times to modern digital technologies.
3) Descriptions of analog and digital communication systems and their differences.
4) Explanations of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, and frequency allocations for different applications.
This document provides an outline for a course on communication systems. It covers several key topics:
1) The different types of modulation techniques used in analog and digital communication systems including amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse modulation.
2) The basic components and functioning of a communication system including information sources, encoding, transmission over a channel, reception and decoding.
3) Characteristics of communication channels such as bandwidth, transmitted power, and how these resources are used efficiently.
4) Differences between analog and digital communication systems and some advantages of digital systems.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunication systems and transmission. It begins with definitions of telecommunication networks and the basic purpose of transmitting information from one user to another. It then discusses different types of transmission media that can be used including twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics. The document also covers elements of transmission systems including modulation, line coding, and conversion of voice signals to digital. It introduces concepts of PDH and SDH digital carrier systems, including E1 and STM-1 frame structures. In summary, the document provides foundational information on telecommunication networks, transmission media, and digital signal transmission standards.
Lecture 1 introduction to communication systemsavocado1111
This document provides an introduction to communication systems. It defines communication as the exchange of information from a source to a destination. An electronic communication system is defined as the whole mechanism of sending, receiving, and processing information electronically from source to destination. The main objectives of a communication system are to produce an accurate replica of the transmitted information and to transfer information between two or more points with minimum error. The basic elements of a communication system are an information source, transmitter, channel, receiver, and destination. Modulation is the process of modifying a carrier wave systematically by a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission through a channel. There are two main types of modulation: analog modulation and digital modulation.
94 SURAH ALAM NASHRAH (TAFSEER USMANI) (URDUI)Sikander Ghunio
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Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
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2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
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* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
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This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
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