This document provides an introduction to a communication systems course. It outlines the course structure, assessments, references, and teaching staff. It also summarizes key topics that will be covered in Chapter 1, including the components and types of communication systems, modulation, multiplexing, the electromagnetic spectrum, and bandwidth. The chapter topics focus on defining communication systems, describing analog and digital signals, and explaining common modulation techniques.
Communication – Basic process of exchanging information from one location (source) to destination (receiving end).
Refers – process of sending, receiving and processing of information/signal/input from one point to another point.
Electronic Communication System – defined as the whole mechanism of sending and receiving as well as processing of information electronically from source to destination.
Example – Radiotelephony, broadcasting, point-to-point, mobile communications, computer communications, radar and satellite systems.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Communication – Basic process of exchanging information from one location (source) to destination (receiving end).
Refers – process of sending, receiving and processing of information/signal/input from one point to another point.
Electronic Communication System – defined as the whole mechanism of sending and receiving as well as processing of information electronically from source to destination.
Example – Radiotelephony, broadcasting, point-to-point, mobile communications, computer communications, radar and satellite systems.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. 2
Course Info
Title Communication Systems
1. Final Term Exam (90)
2. Mid Term Exam (20)
3. Other Assignments (40)
Lecturer:
• Assoc. Prof. Basem ElHalawany
• Dr. Heba Adly
• Dr. Shimaa Sayed
References Multiple references will be used:
• L.Frenzel - Principles of electronic communication systems
• Wayne Tomasi - Advanced Electronic Communications
Systems
http://www.bu.edu.eg/staff/basem.mamdoh-
courses/17606
Course Webpage
Assessment 90/60
Teaching Assistant Eng. Bassant AbdelKarim
Room/Email 306 / basem.mamdoh@feng.bu.edu.eg
3. 3
Chapter 1
Introduction to Electronic
Communication
Principles of Electronic
Communication Systems
Louis E. Frenzel, Jr.
4. 4
Topics Covered in Chapter 1
1-1: Significance of Human Communication
1-2: Communication Systems
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
1-6: Bandwidth
5. 5
1-1: Significance of Human
Communication
People communicate to convey their thoughts, ideas, and
feelings to others.
Communication is the process of exchanging information.
• Two of the main barriers to human communication are
language and distance.
6. 6
1-1: Significance of
Human Communication
Methods of communication:
1.Face to face
2.Signals
3.Written word (letters)
4.Electrical innovations:
Telegraph
Telephone
Radio
Television
Internet (computer)
7. 7
1-2: Communication Systems
Basic components:
• The process of communication begins when a source (Human,
Computer, Sensor, etc.) generates some kind of message or data
that must be received by others
• The message is referred to as information, or an intelligence signal.
8. 8
1-2: Communication Systems
This message, in the form of an electronic signal, is fed to the
transmitter, which transmits it over the communication
channel.
The message is picked up by the receiver and relayed to
another human or computer.
Along the way, a random undesirable signals (noise) is
added in the communication channel and in the receiver that
degrades or interferes with the transmitted information.
9. 9
1-2: Communication Systems
• If the data is nonelectrical (human voice, television picture),
it must be converted by an input transducer into an
electrical waveform referred to as the baseband signal
• For voice messages, a microphone is used to translate the
sound into an electronic audio signal.
• For TV, a camera converts the light information in the
scene to a video signal
10. 10
1-2: Communication Systems
The transmitter is a collection of electronic components
and circuits that converts the electrical signal into a signal
suitable for transmission over a given medium or channel.
Transmitters are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned
circuits and filters, modulators, frequency mixers,
frequency synthesizers, and other circuits.
Transmitter
11. 11
1-2: Communication Systems
Communication Channel
The communication channel is the medium by which the
electronic signal is sent from one place to another.
Types of media include
Electrical conductors (Coaxial cables, Twisted pairs, AC power lines)
Optical Fiber
Underwater
Free space (usually referred to as Wireless or Radio )
Free-Space Optics (FSO)
12. 12
1-2: Communication Systems
Attenuation
A channel acts partly as a filter to attenuate the signal
and distort its waveform
Signal attenuation, or degradation, exists in all media
The signal attenuation increases with the length of the
channel. It is usually proportional to the square of the
distance between the transmitter and receiver.
The waveform is distorted because of different amounts
of attenuation and phase shift suffered by different
frequency components (Frequency-Selective Channels)
Signals amplification, in both the transmitter and the
receiver, is required for successful transmission.
13. 13
1-2: Communication Systems
Noise
Noise is random, undesirable electronic energy that
degrades the system performance.
The causes may be external and/or internal
Internal noise:
• Results from thermal motion of
electrons in conductors,
random emission, and diffusion
or recombination of charged
carriers in electronic devices
• Internal noise can be
reduced but can never be
eliminated
External noise:
• Interference from nearby
channels
• Human-made noise generated
by fluorescent lights, etc.
• Natural noise from lightning,
solar radiation
• External noise can be
minimized or even
eliminated
14. 14
1-2: Communication Systems
Receivers
A receiver is a collection of electronic components and
circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the
channel and converts it back into a form understandable
by humans/destination.
Receivers contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned
circuits and filters, and a demodulator or detector that
recovers the original intelligence signal from the
modulated carrier.
15. 15
1-2: Communication Systems
Transceivers
A transceiver is an electronic unit that incorporates
circuits that both send and receive signals.
Examples are:
• Telephones
• Fax machines
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
16. 16
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Electronic communications are classified according
to whether they are
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half
duplex) transmissions
2. Analog or digital signals.
17. 17
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Simplex
Is The simplest method of electronic communication
This type of communication is one-way, where one end
transmits while the other receives only.
Examples are:
Radio
TV broadcasting
Remote Control
18. 18
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Duplex Communication
Most electronic communication is two-way and is
referred to as duplex.
When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is
called full duplex. The telephone is an example of this
type of communication.
19. 19
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Half Duplex
The form of two-way communication in which only one
party transmits at a time is known as half duplex.
Examples are:
Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
Citizen band (CB)
Family radio
Amateur radio
20. 20
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Analog Signals
An analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying
voltage or current (y-axis).
It takes any value within some range
Figure 1-5: Analog signals (a) Sine wave “tone.” (b) Voice. (c) Video (TV) signal.
21. 21
1-3: Types of Electronic Communication
Digital Signals
Digital signals change in steps or in discrete increments.
Most digital signals use binary or two-state codes.
Figure 1-6: Digital signals (a) Telegraph (Morse code). (b) Continuous-wave (CW)
code. (c) Serial binary code.
22. 22
1-3: Types of Electronic
Communication
Signal Conversion
Many transmissions are of signals that originate in digital
form but must be converted to analog form to match the
transmission medium.
Digital data over the telephone network.
Analog signals can also be transmitted digitally.
They are first digitized with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter.
The data can then be transmitted and processed by computers and
other digital circuits.
23. 23
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Modulation and multiplexing are electronic
techniques for transmitting information efficiently from
one place to another.
Modulation makes the information signal more
compatible with the medium.
Multiplexing allows more than one signal to be
transmitted concurrently over a single medium.
24. 24
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Baseband versus Broadband Transmission
Baseband Transmission: Baseband information can be sent
directly and unmodified over the medium
In telephone or intercom systems, the voice is placed on the
wires and transmitted.
In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied
directly to coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.
Broadband Transmission: Baseband Can be used to modulate a
carrier for transmission over the medium.
The high frequency carrier is an electromagnetic wave that is
able to travel longer distances through space.
25. 25
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Broadband Transmission
A broadband transmission takes place when a carrier
signal is modulated, amplified, and sent to the antenna
for transmission.
The two most common methods of modulation are:
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Another method is called phase modulation (PM), in
which the phase angle of the sine wave is varied.
27. 27
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Figure 1-8: Types of modulation. (a) Amplitude modulation. (b) Frequency modulation.
28. 28
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Demodulation or detection takes place in the receiver
when the original baseband (e.g. audio) signal is
extracted.
.
29. 29
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
Multiplexing: is the process of allowing two or more signals to
share the same medium or channel.
Multiplexing
Demultiplexing
30. 30
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
• In FDM, the intelligence signals modulate subcarriers on
different frequencies that are then added together, and the
composite signal is used to modulate the carrier.
• In optical networking, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
is equivalent to FDM for optical signal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
31. 31
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
• In TDM, the multiple intelligence signals are sequentially
sampled, and a small piece of each is used to modulate the
carrier.
• If the information signals are sampled fast enough, sufficient
details are transmitted that at the receiving end the signal can
be reconstructed with great accuracy
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
32. 32
1-4: Modulation and Multiplexing
• In CDM, the signals to be transmitted are converted to digital
data that is then uniquely coded with a faster binary code.
• The signals modulate a carrier on the same frequency. All use
the same communications channel simultaneously.
• The unique coding is used at the receiver to select the desired
signal.
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
33. 33
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all
frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum.
34. 34
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength:
A signal is located on the frequency spectrum according
to its frequency and wavelength.
Frequency is the number of cycles of a repetitive wave
that occur in a given period of time.
A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals,
current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations.
Frequency is measured in cycles per second (cps).
The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz).
35. 35
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency and Wavelength:
Wavelength (λ) is the distance occupied by one cycle
of a wave and is usually expressed in meters.
36. 36
1-5: The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Example:
What is the wavelength if the frequency is 4MHz?
Frequency and Wavelength: Wavelength
Wavelength (λ) = speed of light ÷ frequency
Speed of light = 3 × 108 meters/second
Therefore:
λ = 3 × 108 / f
λ = 3 × 108 / 4 MHz
= 75 meters (m)
37. 37
1-6: Bandwidth
Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal.
Channel bandwidth refers to the range of
frequencies required to transmit the desired
information.
38. 38
1-6: Bandwidth
More Room at the Top
Today, virtually the entire frequency spectrum between
approximately 30 kHz and 300 MHz has been spoken
for.
There is tremendous competition for these frequencies,
between companies, individuals, and government
services in individual carriers and between the different
nations of the world.
The electromagnetic spectrum is one of our most
precious natural resources.
39. 39
1-6: Bandwidth
More Room at the Top
Communication engineering is devoted to making the
best use of that finite spectrum.
Great effort goes into developing communication
techniques that minimize the bandwidth required to
transmit given information and thus conserve spectrum
space.
This provides more room for additional communication
channels and gives other services or users an
opportunity to take advantage of it.
40. 40
1-6: Bandwidth
Spectrum Management and Standards
Spectrum management is provided by agencies set up
by different countries to control spectrum use.
USA: The Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) and the National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA) are two agencies
that deal in spectrum management.
United Nation: The International Telecommunications
Union (ITU)
Egypt: National Telecommunication Regulatory
Authority (NTRA)