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This document discusses grammar concepts in Latin, including subordinate clauses, relative pronouns, and reflexives. It provides examples of how to use subordinate conjunctions to join clauses. It defines relative pronouns as pronouns that relate back to an antecedent and shows their declension. Examples are given of using relative pronouns within subordinate clauses. The document also discusses reflexive pronouns like se, sui, sibi that refer back to the subject of the sentence and can be used with me, te, nos, and vos. An exercise provides examples of using reflexives.
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Parallelism (in grammar)
In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure. The application of parallelism affects readability and may make texts easier to process
Common Examples of Parallelism
Like father, like son.
Easy come, easy go.
Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always busy.
Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
Subject verb agreement
This document provides rules for determining whether to use a singular or plural verb with compound subjects. It addresses situations involving subjects joined by and, or, either/or, neither/nor. It also covers pronouns, collective nouns, subjects separated from verbs, and subjects involving portions or numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate the rules.
Subject Verb Concord Slideshare
Subject-Verb Concord. ... 'Subject' is a noun or pronoun that tells us what the sentence talks about and 'verb' represents the action in the sentence. Then what is 'subject verb concord/agreement'? It means that the subject and verb in a sentence should agree or match, otherwise the sentence will not sound right.
Subject verb-agreement
The document provides information about subject-verb agreement including:
- Singular and plural subjects and verbs must agree
- Prepositional phrases between subjects and verbs should be ignored to identify the subject
- Indefinite pronouns like everyone and each take singular verbs while few and many take plural verbs
- Special cases regarding compound subjects and sentences beginning with neither/either are discussed
Gรผlsรผm kazancฤฑ
The document discusses common types of sentence errors: comma splices, run-on sentences, and sentence fragments. It defines each type of error and provides examples. It then describes six ways to fix comma splices and run-on sentences, which involve using transitional expressions, conjunctions, semicolons, separating clauses into sentences, changing clauses, and transforming clauses. It also defines and provides examples of sentence fragments like dependent clause fragments and how to fix them.
Common sentence errors
Common sentence errors, edinbrow, phrasal verbs, phrases, technical english - phrasal verbs, verbs, dangling modifiers, run-on sentences,
S v 20 rules
The document outlines 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. Some key points include:
- Non-count nouns and collective nouns usually take singular verbs, but collective nouns can be plural if the group is viewed as individuals.
- Proper nouns ending in "s", distances/times/money indicating a single unit, and gerund/infinitive subjects take singular verbs.
- Subjects joined by "and", "either/or", or "neither/nor" take verbs agreeing with the closest subject.
- Verbs agree with the subject, not other elements like prepositional phrases between the subject and verb.
- Relative pronouns like "who", "which
Grade 7 Subject- Verb Agreement
The document provides instruction on subject-verb agreement rules. It explains that subjects and verbs must agree in number, and lists rules for singular and plural forms of verbs. Examples are provided to demonstrate correct usage. Students are given practice identifying correct verb forms and answering questions about subject-verb agreement. The purpose is to help students observe and apply rules of subject-verb agreement in their writing.
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Parallelism (in grammar)
In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure. The application of parallelism affects readability and may make texts easier to process
Common Examples of Parallelism
Like father, like son.
Easy come, easy go.
Whether in class, at work, or at home, Shasta was always busy.
Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.
Subject verb agreement
This document provides rules for determining whether to use a singular or plural verb with compound subjects. It addresses situations involving subjects joined by and, or, either/or, neither/nor. It also covers pronouns, collective nouns, subjects separated from verbs, and subjects involving portions or numbers. Examples are provided to illustrate the rules.
Subject Verb Concord Slideshare
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Subject verb-agreement
The document provides information about subject-verb agreement including:
- Singular and plural subjects and verbs must agree
- Prepositional phrases between subjects and verbs should be ignored to identify the subject
- Indefinite pronouns like everyone and each take singular verbs while few and many take plural verbs
- Special cases regarding compound subjects and sentences beginning with neither/either are discussed
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Common sentence errors
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S v 20 rules
The document outlines 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. Some key points include:
- Non-count nouns and collective nouns usually take singular verbs, but collective nouns can be plural if the group is viewed as individuals.
- Proper nouns ending in "s", distances/times/money indicating a single unit, and gerund/infinitive subjects take singular verbs.
- Subjects joined by "and", "either/or", or "neither/nor" take verbs agreeing with the closest subject.
- Verbs agree with the subject, not other elements like prepositional phrases between the subject and verb.
- Relative pronouns like "who", "which
Grade 7 Subject- Verb Agreement
The document provides instruction on subject-verb agreement rules. It explains that subjects and verbs must agree in number, and lists rules for singular and plural forms of verbs. Examples are provided to demonstrate correct usage. Students are given practice identifying correct verb forms and answering questions about subject-verb agreement. The purpose is to help students observe and apply rules of subject-verb agreement in their writing.
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The document discusses subject-verb agreement rules. It states that a singular subject requires a singular verb and a plural subject requires a plural verb. It provides examples of singular and plural subjects and verbs. It also covers compound subjects, collective nouns, and subjects joined by "or" or "nor". Seatwork examples are given to practice identifying the subject and choosing the correct verb form.
20 rules of subject verb agreement
Right subject verb agreement is one of the crucial requirements of correct writing. This presentation gives 20 useful rules to follow to have correct subject verb agreement.
10. subject verb agreement
This document provides guidance on subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that the verb must agree with the subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. It discusses some exceptions and tricky cases involving compound subjects, collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, inverted word order, and more. The document aims to help ensure subject and verb always correctly correspond to one another in number.
Modifiers
The document discusses modifiers and how to use them correctly to avoid unclear meanings. It defines modifiers as words, phrases, or clauses that provide description. It explains that misplaced or dangling modifiers can lead to illogical meanings if not placed close to the words they intend to describe. The document provides examples of different types of modifiers and guidelines for ensuring they are placed properly to accurately convey intended meanings in sentences.
Rules on subject verb agreement
The document outlines 17 rules for subject-verb agreement in English:
1. Singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs.
2. Indefinite pronouns like "anyone" are always singular.
3. Indefinite pronouns like "all" can be singular or plural depending on context.
4. The pronoun "none" can be singular or plural depending on other context clues.
Modifier
This document defines and provides examples of modifiers. It discusses how adjectives and adverbs can function as modifiers, modifying nouns and verbs. It also discusses comparatives and superlatives as modifiers, nouns as modifiers, and misplaced and dangling modifiers. Examples are provided to illustrate adjectives and adverbs modifying nouns and verbs, nouns modifying nouns, and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers by moving the modifier or adding the word it modifies.
Subject verb agreement
This document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs. It provides examples for each rule, such as how pronouns like neither, either, each, and everybody are singular, and how collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on usage. The rules cover subjects connected by or/nor, pronouns as subjects, portions and numbers, sums of money/time, pronouns in the middle of sentences, and subjects separated from verbs.
Eng 7 SVA: Indefinite pronoun and compound subject
This document discusses subject-verb agreement rules for indefinite pronouns, compound subjects, and subjects joined by coordinating conjunctions. It provides examples of sentences with singular and plural verbs that correctly agree with their subjects according to these rules. Some key points covered include: indefinite pronouns like anybody, everyone, and something take singular verbs, while pronouns like many and several require plural verbs; compound subjects joined by and take plural verbs unless referring to a single person/thing; and the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it for subjects joined by or, nor, either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.
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This document outlines 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in the English language. It explains that a verb must agree with its subject in person and number, taking a singular form for a singular subject and plural form for a plural subject. Some key points covered include:
- Pronouns like "you" and "I" take plural verbs.
- Indefinite pronouns like "everyone" are singular.
- Subjects joined by "and" usually take plural verbs.
- Verbs must agree with the subject even if interrupted by a phrase.
- Units like time and amounts take singular verbs.
Rules of subject verb agreement.
Subject-verb agreement rules dictate that:
1) Subjects and verbs must agree in number - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
2) Nouns form plurals by adding "s" while verbs form plurals by removing "s".
3) Compound subjects joined by "and" are plural, while subjects joined by "or/nor" take the verb of the nearer subject.
4) Indefinite pronouns like "some" can be singular or plural depending on context, and "none" is usually singular.
Subject โ verb agreement
This document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement in grammar. The rules cover when verbs should be singular or plural based on the subject, including with compound subjects, pronouns, prepositional phrases, fractions, collective nouns and more. Agreement means harmony and unity between a subject and its verb, not chaos or discord.
PLM English Grammar: Subject - Verb Agreement
Having gone through this PLM students of English language and literature will be able to identify the subject and verb in a given sentence. Besides, they will be able to identify and recognize the proper agreement between subject and verb. All the more, they will be able to use correct sentences, using appropriate subjects and verbs in daily real life situation.
Speak English Guys-Present indefinite
The document discusses the use of the present indefinite tense in English grammar. It explains that the present indefinite tense is used to describe habits, tendencies, universal truths, or things that are generally or usually done. It provides examples like "a duck quacks", "the sun shines", and "you eat mangoes". It notes that the verb takes an 's' or 'es' ending with a singular subject like "you" or "I", but not for plural subjects. Examples are given for subjects like "you", "I", "the sun", and multiple subjects like "Sara and Mia".
Subject verb agreement examples
The document provides examples of subject-verb agreement in English grammar. It explains that the subject and verb must agree in number, either both being singular or both being plural. Various types of subjects are discussed such as compound subjects, indefinite pronouns, phrases between the subject and verb, collective nouns, and inverted subjects. Correct examples of agreement are provided for each type of subject. Subject-verb agreement is important to ensure grammatically correct sentences.
Subject Verb Agreement 2
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This document discusses subject-verb agreement. It provides examples of when singular and plural verbs are used with different types of subjects, such as singular and plural nouns, collective nouns, subjects joined by "and", subjects beginning with "there" or "here", and subjects preceded by expressions like "each" or "everyone". The document also discusses how to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb when the subject is a percentage, fraction, or expression involving "more than one".
Pronoun shift
This document discusses pronouns and pronoun shifts. It defines pronouns as words that substitute for nouns to avoid repetition. Common pronouns include he, she, they, it, we, and who. The document provides examples of sentences with and without pronouns. It then explains that a pronoun shift occurs when a writer switches between pronoun types like first person to second person within a sentence, which can confuse readers. Examples are given of incorrect pronoun shifts and how to correct them. The document concludes with practice identifying pronoun shifts in sample sentences and creating an original sentence with a shift.
English sentences
The document discusses different types of sentences and phrases. It defines four types of sentences: assertive (declarative) sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. Assertive sentences make a statement, interrogative sentences ask questions, imperative sentences give commands or requests, and exclamatory sentences express strong feelings. The document also defines phrases as groups of words that do not form a complete sentence because they are missing a subject or verb.
75.subject verb-agreement
The document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement, including that the verb must agree with the subject in number, words between the subject and verb do not affect agreement, and the verb is singular or plural depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. It provides examples for each rule.
Subject verb agreement
This document provides guidelines for subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. It discusses compound subjects joined by "and" or "or" and how to determine if the verb should be singular or plural. It also covers indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, sentences beginning with "here" or "there", words ending in "s", units of measurement, and titles as subjects. The document aims to help both native and non-native English speakers properly select the correct verb form to match the subject.
Chapter 7 grammar
This document contains summaries of Latin grammar concepts including:
1) Declension charts for the 4th and 5th declensions showing case endings for masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns.
2) Declension charts for the demonstrative pronouns is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud; hic, haec, hoc; and ipse, ipsa, ipsum showing their case endings.
3) Two example sentences with pronouns illa, eam and illi, ei filling in the blanks requested.
Chapter # 6- Sound patterns of language
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision.
- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation
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The document discusses subject-verb agreement rules. It states that a singular subject requires a singular verb and a plural subject requires a plural verb. It provides examples of singular and plural subjects and verbs. It also covers compound subjects, collective nouns, and subjects joined by "or" or "nor". Seatwork examples are given to practice identifying the subject and choosing the correct verb form.
20 rules of subject verb agreement
Right subject verb agreement is one of the crucial requirements of correct writing. This presentation gives 20 useful rules to follow to have correct subject verb agreement.
10. subject verb agreement
This document provides guidance on subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that the verb must agree with the subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. It discusses some exceptions and tricky cases involving compound subjects, collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, inverted word order, and more. The document aims to help ensure subject and verb always correctly correspond to one another in number.
Modifiers
The document discusses modifiers and how to use them correctly to avoid unclear meanings. It defines modifiers as words, phrases, or clauses that provide description. It explains that misplaced or dangling modifiers can lead to illogical meanings if not placed close to the words they intend to describe. The document provides examples of different types of modifiers and guidelines for ensuring they are placed properly to accurately convey intended meanings in sentences.
Rules on subject verb agreement
The document outlines 17 rules for subject-verb agreement in English:
1. Singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs.
2. Indefinite pronouns like "anyone" are always singular.
3. Indefinite pronouns like "all" can be singular or plural depending on context.
4. The pronoun "none" can be singular or plural depending on other context clues.
Modifier
This document defines and provides examples of modifiers. It discusses how adjectives and adverbs can function as modifiers, modifying nouns and verbs. It also discusses comparatives and superlatives as modifiers, nouns as modifiers, and misplaced and dangling modifiers. Examples are provided to illustrate adjectives and adverbs modifying nouns and verbs, nouns modifying nouns, and correcting misplaced and dangling modifiers by moving the modifier or adding the word it modifies.
Subject verb agreement
This document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs. It provides examples for each rule, such as how pronouns like neither, either, each, and everybody are singular, and how collective nouns can be either singular or plural depending on usage. The rules cover subjects connected by or/nor, pronouns as subjects, portions and numbers, sums of money/time, pronouns in the middle of sentences, and subjects separated from verbs.
Eng 7 SVA: Indefinite pronoun and compound subject
This document discusses subject-verb agreement rules for indefinite pronouns, compound subjects, and subjects joined by coordinating conjunctions. It provides examples of sentences with singular and plural verbs that correctly agree with their subjects according to these rules. Some key points covered include: indefinite pronouns like anybody, everyone, and something take singular verbs, while pronouns like many and several require plural verbs; compound subjects joined by and take plural verbs unless referring to a single person/thing; and the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it for subjects joined by or, nor, either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.
Subject โ verb agreement rules
This document outlines 20 rules for subject-verb agreement in the English language. It explains that a verb must agree with its subject in person and number, taking a singular form for a singular subject and plural form for a plural subject. Some key points covered include:
- Pronouns like "you" and "I" take plural verbs.
- Indefinite pronouns like "everyone" are singular.
- Subjects joined by "and" usually take plural verbs.
- Verbs must agree with the subject even if interrupted by a phrase.
- Units like time and amounts take singular verbs.
Rules of subject verb agreement.
Subject-verb agreement rules dictate that:
1) Subjects and verbs must agree in number - singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs.
2) Nouns form plurals by adding "s" while verbs form plurals by removing "s".
3) Compound subjects joined by "and" are plural, while subjects joined by "or/nor" take the verb of the nearer subject.
4) Indefinite pronouns like "some" can be singular or plural depending on context, and "none" is usually singular.
Subject โ verb agreement
This document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement in grammar. The rules cover when verbs should be singular or plural based on the subject, including with compound subjects, pronouns, prepositional phrases, fractions, collective nouns and more. Agreement means harmony and unity between a subject and its verb, not chaos or discord.
PLM English Grammar: Subject - Verb Agreement
Having gone through this PLM students of English language and literature will be able to identify the subject and verb in a given sentence. Besides, they will be able to identify and recognize the proper agreement between subject and verb. All the more, they will be able to use correct sentences, using appropriate subjects and verbs in daily real life situation.
Speak English Guys-Present indefinite
The document discusses the use of the present indefinite tense in English grammar. It explains that the present indefinite tense is used to describe habits, tendencies, universal truths, or things that are generally or usually done. It provides examples like "a duck quacks", "the sun shines", and "you eat mangoes". It notes that the verb takes an 's' or 'es' ending with a singular subject like "you" or "I", but not for plural subjects. Examples are given for subjects like "you", "I", "the sun", and multiple subjects like "Sara and Mia".
Subject verb agreement examples
The document provides examples of subject-verb agreement in English grammar. It explains that the subject and verb must agree in number, either both being singular or both being plural. Various types of subjects are discussed such as compound subjects, indefinite pronouns, phrases between the subject and verb, collective nouns, and inverted subjects. Correct examples of agreement are provided for each type of subject. Subject-verb agreement is important to ensure grammatically correct sentences.
Subject Verb Agreement 2
The document discusses subject-verb agreement rules. It covers how singular and plural subjects take singular or plural verbs respectively. It provides examples of how subject-verb agreement works in sentences with phrases, clauses, indefinite pronouns, compound subjects, contractions, collective nouns, predicate nominatives, inverted word order, amounts, exceptions, titles, subjects preceded by every or many a, and clauses within sentences. The document aims to clearly explain the rules around matching subjects and verbs.
Subject-Verb Agreement
This document discusses subject-verb agreement. It provides examples of when singular and plural verbs are used with different types of subjects, such as singular and plural nouns, collective nouns, subjects joined by "and", subjects beginning with "there" or "here", and subjects preceded by expressions like "each" or "everyone". The document also discusses how to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb when the subject is a percentage, fraction, or expression involving "more than one".
Pronoun shift
This document discusses pronouns and pronoun shifts. It defines pronouns as words that substitute for nouns to avoid repetition. Common pronouns include he, she, they, it, we, and who. The document provides examples of sentences with and without pronouns. It then explains that a pronoun shift occurs when a writer switches between pronoun types like first person to second person within a sentence, which can confuse readers. Examples are given of incorrect pronoun shifts and how to correct them. The document concludes with practice identifying pronoun shifts in sample sentences and creating an original sentence with a shift.
English sentences
The document discusses different types of sentences and phrases. It defines four types of sentences: assertive (declarative) sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences, and exclamatory sentences. Assertive sentences make a statement, interrogative sentences ask questions, imperative sentences give commands or requests, and exclamatory sentences express strong feelings. The document also defines phrases as groups of words that do not form a complete sentence because they are missing a subject or verb.
75.subject verb-agreement
The document outlines 10 rules for subject-verb agreement, including that the verb must agree with the subject in number, words between the subject and verb do not affect agreement, and the verb is singular or plural depending on whether the subject is singular or plural. It provides examples for each rule.
Subject verb agreement
This document provides guidelines for subject-verb agreement in English. It explains that singular subjects take singular verbs and plural subjects take plural verbs. It discusses compound subjects joined by "and" or "or" and how to determine if the verb should be singular or plural. It also covers indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, sentences beginning with "here" or "there", words ending in "s", units of measurement, and titles as subjects. The document aims to help both native and non-native English speakers properly select the correct verb form to match the subject.
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Eng 7 SVA: Indefinite pronoun and compound subject
Eng 7 SVA: Indefinite pronoun and compound subject
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Chapter 7 grammar
This document contains summaries of Latin grammar concepts including:
1) Declension charts for the 4th and 5th declensions showing case endings for masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns.
2) Declension charts for the demonstrative pronouns is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud; hic, haec, hoc; and ipse, ipsa, ipsum showing their case endings.
3) Two example sentences with pronouns illa, eam and illi, ei filling in the blanks requested.
Chapter # 6- Sound patterns of language
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision.
- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation
Linguistics the sound patterns of language
This document discusses several key linguistic concepts:
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds and how they are produced, while phonology examines the abstract sound system of a language and how sounds contrast in meaning.
2) A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a language. Allophones are variant pronunciations of the same phoneme.
3) Phonotactics describes the patterns and constraints on how phonemes can be sequenced in a language.
Morphology Presentation
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It examines the smallest meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Words are formed through processes like affixation using prefixes, suffixes, and infixes, compounding, blending, ablaut, and abbreviations. Some key morphological concepts are roots, affixes, allomorphs, and types of words classified by their morpheme structure as simple, complex, or compound.
Syntax by George Yule
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the study of how words are arranged to show meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences in a language. Deep structure refers to the underlying meaning and surface structure refers to the observable form. Tree diagrams are used to visually represent syntactic structures. Movement rules are needed to account for transformations between deep and surface structures. Recursion allows sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
Morphology (2)
Morphology refers to the study of how words are created in a language. There are two main word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Inflection involves changing the base form of a word through processes like adding suffixes to change the word's grammatical function. Derivation involves processes like compounding, blending, clipping, and affixation to form new words. Some common word formation processes in English include coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, and affixation through the use of prefixes and suffixes.
Morphology (Linguistics)
This document defines morphology and discusses the key concepts in word structure and formation. It explains that morphology studies the structure of words and how new words are derived. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning, and can be free or bound. Free morphemes stand alone as words, while bound morphemes like prefixes and suffixes must be attached to other morphemes. The document also distinguishes between inflectional and derivational morphemes and their functions in language.
The sound patterns of language
This document provides an overview of phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. It defines key phonological concepts like phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, syllables, consonant clusters, and coarticulation effects. Phonemes are abstract sound units that distinguish meaning, while phones are actual speech sounds that can vary physically. Allophones are different versions of the same phoneme. Minimal pairs illustrate phonemic contrasts. Syllables have an onset, nucleus, and optional coda. Phonotactics govern sound combinations. Coarticulation effects like assimilation and elision influence pronunciation. The document concludes that individuals' vocal tracts differ physically but languages maintain abstract sound systems.
morphology
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It examines the smallest meaningful units of language called morphemes, which cannot be further broken down. Morphemes can be free-standing words or affixes bound to other morphemes. There are two types of morphology: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphology involves changing word endings to indicate things like number, tense, or comparison. Derivational morphology uses affixes to create new words that may be a different part of speech than the base word.
Morphology derivation
Derivation is the formation of new words through the addition of affixes. English uses derivational affixes to change the grammatical category of words, such as from verb to noun. There are two types of derivational affixes: class 1 affixes typically change the phonology of the base word, while class 2 affixes are phonologically neutral. Complex derivation can change the grammatical category through multiple affixations. However, derivation is constrained and not all affixes can be added to all bases.
A Brief Introduction of Morphology
Morphology is the study of word structures and formation. Words are made up of smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes. Words are formed through processes like prefixation, suffixation, compounding, conversion and others. Understanding morphemes and their combinations reveals the internal structures of words.
Grammar
The document discusses the different perspectives on what constitutes grammar. It describes prescriptive grammars which define rules of correctness, and descriptive grammars which aim to describe how language is used. Applied linguistics focuses on pedagogical grammars for language learners. Theoretical models of grammar, like Chomsky's generative grammar and Hymes' functional model, influence applied linguistics. Descriptive grammars aim to describe language as used but must consider both spoken and written forms. The relationship between grammar and vocabulary is interdependent, and language consists of prefabricated chunks where the boundary is blurred. Views of grammar have changed over the years to recognize its complex and multidimensional nature in teaching.
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This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It defines syntax as the way words are arranged to show relationships of meaning within and between sentences. Grammar is defined as the art of writing, but is now used to study language. Generative grammar uses formal rules to generate an infinite set of grammatical sentences. It distinguishes between deep structure and surface structure. Tree diagrams are used to represent syntactic structures with symbols like S, NP, VP. Phrase structure rules, lexical rules, and movement rules are components of generative grammar. Complement phrases and recursion allow sentences to be embedded within other sentences.
The Sounds of Language by George Yule
1) Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, including how they are articulated, their acoustic properties, and how they are perceived.
2) Speech sounds are produced using the vocal tract, which involves the lungs, larynx, tongue, lips and other articulators.
3) Places and manners of articulation describe where and how speech sounds are produced, such as bilabial stops like [p] made with both lips.
4) Other speech sounds include nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, vowels and diphthongs formed by two vowel sounds in the same syllable.
Morphology (linguistics)
Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It involves breaking words down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes, which can be free or bound. Free morphemes can stand alone as words, while bound morphemes need to be attached to other morphemes to form words. There are several types of morphemes and word formation processes, including affixes, roots, stems, coinages, borrowing, calquing, and clipping. Morphological analysis involves identifying the morphemes within words.
Phonology -- The Sound Patterns of Language Made Easy
1) Phonology is the study of speech sounds and how they are organized in languages. It examines units of sound like phonemes, morphemes, and their patterns.
2) Speech sounds can be classified as either consonants or vowels. Consonants involve restricting air flow while vowels allow free flow of air to create different sounds.
3) The relationship between phonemic representations of words and their phonetic pronunciations is governed by rules of phonology. These rules include assimilation, dissimilation, and epenthesis.
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Morphology is the study of word structure and formation. It analyzes the morphemic structure of words. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning, and words can consist of free morphemes that can stand alone or bound morphemes that cannot. There are two main types of bound morphemes: derivational morphemes that change a word's meaning or class, and inflectional morphemes that change grammatical information without altering meaning. Words are formed through processes like affixation, compounding, reduplication, blending, and others. Understanding morphology helps with reading comprehension and vocabulary development.
Grammar Powerpoint
An Interactive, hyperlinked slide show that makes the parts of speech more fun to learn. It is complete with internet games and movies. Should use it fully yourself before using it in front of a class
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- 2. Subordinate Clauses โข A clause contains a verb: Flaccus calls him. โข A subordinate clause contains a verb but is an incomplete thought: When Quintus enters the field . . . โข Clauses are joined together by subordinating conjunctions: ubi, quod, dum, si, etc.
- 3. Exercise 8.1 #1-2 โข dum Horatia quiescit, Scintilla fabulam narrat. While Horatia rests, Scintilla tells a story. โข Horatia gaudet, quod fabula ei placet. Horatia rejoices because the story pleases her.
- 4. The Relative Pronoun qui, quae, quod: who, which singular plural m f n m f n Nom qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum Dat cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Acc quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl quo quฤ quo quibus quibus quibus Achilles, quem Hector timet, eum oppugnat. Achilles, whom Hector fears, fights him. โข Relative Pronouns have the same gender and number as the antecedent (Achilles), but the case is determined by the use inside the subordinate clause
- 5. Exercise 8.2 #1-4 โข Aeneas multos homines uidet (who) urbem aedificant. qui โข Horatia, (whom) Quintus exspectat, prope uiam sedet. quam โข puella (whom) in agro uideo fratrem exspectat. quam โข Quintus, (whom) in uia occurro, anxius est. cui
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- 7. Reflexives โข me, te, nos, uos can also be used as reflexives ego me lavo I wash myself โข suus, sua, suum vs. the genitive โข suus, -a, -um is used reflexively pueri suos loculos ferunt The boys are carrying their own satchels. โข The genitive refers to someone else paedagogi loculos eorum ferunt. The teachers are carrying the satchels of them.
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