This document discusses grammar rules in Latin, including the vocative case, adverbs, and question formation. It explains that the vocative case is used in direct speech and ends in the same way as the nominative, unless the word ends in -us. Adverbs modify verbs and do not change form. Questions in Latin can begin with interrogative words and use additional words like -ne, nonne, or num to predict the answer will be yes, no, or yes respectively. An exercise provides examples of these grammar points.

1. Chapter 4 Grammar
Part II

2. Vocative
• The vocative is a case used in direct speech:
quid facis, Horatia?
quid facis, Quinte?
• The ending is the same as the nominative
unless it ends in –us (like Quintus), then it
ends in – e
• Nouns ending in –ius, have a vocative of –i
Gaius -> Gai

3. Adverbs
• Adverbs modify verbs
lente ambulamus We walk slowly.
• Adverbs never change their form and are
sometimes formed from adjectives
malus bad male badly
fortis brave fortiter bravely

4. Asking questions
• Questions can begin with an interrogative
word
cur? why? quid? what?
quis? who? ubi? where?
• The Romans have no questions marks, instead
they use words to predict the answer:
– -ne predicts either ‘yes’ or ‘no’
– nonne predicts ‘yes’
– num predicts ‘no’

5. Exercise 4.6
1. cur non festinas, Quinte?
2. quis Scintillam iuuat?
3. quid facis, fili?
4. quantus est ager?
5. domumne me ducis?
6. nonne domum me
ducis?
7. num e casa exit Argus?
8. quomodo hoc facere
potest Quintus?
1. Why are you not hurrying,
Quintus?
2. Who is helping Scintilla?
3. What are you doing, son?
4. How big is the field?
5. Are you taking me home?
6. You’re taking me home,
right?
7. Surely Argus is not leaving
the house?
8. How is Quintus able to do
this?