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Chapter 20
Between 1870-1914, the United States experienced rapid urbanization as industrial cities grew in size and population. Millions of immigrants arrived from other countries, attracted by opportunities in the cities. During this period, cities transformed American society and culture. Large industrial cities developed new infrastructure like bridges and skyscrapers. However, urban living also brought problems like overcrowded tenement housing and the rise of political machines. Reformers worked to address social issues and improve conditions in cities. By the early 20th century, cities had become centers of industry, immigration, and middle class life as well as hubs of culture, education and entertainment.
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Chapter 20
- 1. Chapter 20: The Riseof an Urban Order, 1870-1914 Experience History DAVIDSON • GIENAPP • HEYRMAN • LYTLE • STOFF © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 2. 2 Preview “By the latenineteenth century, the country was in the midst of an urban explosion. Industrial cities of unparalleled size and diversity were transforming American life. They lured people from all over the globe, created tensions between natives and newcomers, reshaped the social order. …For so many Americans, a new urban age was dawning. The golden door of opportunity opened onto the city.” © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 3. 3 The Highlights A NewUrban Age Running and Reforming the City City Life City Culture © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 4. 4 A New UrbanAge The Urban Explosion – Cities’ relations to regions around them shaped natural and economic environments The Great Global Migration – – – Push and pull factors Chinese immigrants The “new” immigration from southern and eastern Europe in the 1880s © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 5. 5 Immigration and Population,1860-1920 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 6. 6 Holding the CityTogether – – – – Patterns of settlement Suburban homes Role of electricity Mass transit freed the middle class and poor to live miles from work Bridges and Skyscrapers – Suspension bridges – Cloudscrapers: open floors ideal for warehouses, office buildings, and department stores © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 7. 7 © 2011 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 8. 8 The Urban Environment:Slum and Tenement – Perils of the slum neighborhood – Dumbbell tenement spread “like a scab” “Far below the skyscrapers lay the slums and tenements of the inner city. In cramped rooms and sunless hallways, along narrow alleys and in flooded basements lived the city’s poor.” © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 9. 9 Running and Reformingthe City Boss Rule – The boss as entrepreneur – A crude welfare system Rewards, Costs, and Accomplishments – Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall – Bosses guided immigrants and helped underprivileged up from poverty – Toll was often outrageous © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 10. 10 Nativism, Revivals, andthe Social Gospel – Nativism: a defensive and fearful nationalism – Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): banned the entry of Chinese laborers – Social Gospel: focused on improving the conditions of society The Social Settlement Movement – The settlement house – Lobbied for social legislation to improve housing, women’s working conditions, and public schools © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 11. 11 © 2011 TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 12. 12 City Life The Immigrantin the City – – – – – Ethnic neighborhoods Adapting to America Family life Special situation of the Chinese Assimilation Urban Middle-Class Life – The home as haven and status symbol – The middle-class homemaker © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 13. 13 Victorianism and thePursuit of Virtue – Woman’s Christian Temperance Union – Comstock Law (1873) fought pornography Challenges to Convention – Victoria Woodhull – Urban homosexual communities “Middle-class life reflected a code of behavior called Victorianism, named for Britain’s long-reigning Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It emerged in the 1830s and 1840s as part of an effort to tame the turbulent urban-industrial society developing in Europe.” © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 14. 14 City Culture Public Educationin an Urban Industrial World – 1870-1900: an educational awakening occurred – Schools taught conformity and values in addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic Higher Learning and the Rise of the Professional – Postgraduate education – Black colleges; professional schools Higher Education for Women – By 1910, 40 percent of college students were women © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
- 15. 15 A Culture ofConsumption – Department stores – Chain stores and mail-order houses Leisure – Sports and class distinctions – Spectator sports for the urban masses City Entertainment at Home and on the Road – The streets, the saloon, dance halls, boxing exhibitions, concerts and theater – Popular music and the coming of jazz © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.