During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants, especially from Europe, flocked to major cities, transforming the nation from a rural to an urban society. Between 1870 and 1900, the urban population grew from 10 million to over 30 million. Many immigrants lived in overcrowded tenement housing with poor sanitation. New technologies like steel-frame construction enabled the growth of skyscrapers in urban centers. As cities grew rapidly, political machines filled governance gaps and provided services to immigrant communities. The rise of industrial capitalism and mass consumption changed American leisure and popular culture.