This document provides an overview of cross-cultural management concepts including: - Culture is learned behavior shared among members of a society that influences norms, values, and practices. - Elements of culture include language, values, norms, attitudes, customs, and more. - Cultural determinants include religion, language, education, and social structure. - Cross-cultural theories like Hofstede analyze cultural dimensions like power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism vs collectivism that influence behaviors. - Understanding cultural differences is important for effective cross-cultural communication and management.

1. CROSS CULTURAL
MANAGEMENT

2. Chapter Outline
• Concept of Culture
• Elements of Culture
• Determinants of Culture
• level of culture
• Cross cultural theories
• Cross Cultural Communication
• Culture Shock

3. Concept of
Culture
• Culture is the configuration of learned behavior
and result of behavior whose component
elements are shared and transmitted among the
members of a particular society.
Culture is Relative that guide the behavior of people in a society /
community and that are passed on from one generation to the next.

4. Elements of
Culture
• Culture has normative value. It prescribes
Do’s and Don’ts which are binding on the
members of a society.
• Culture is a group Phenomenon.
• Cultural practices are passed on from
generation to generation

5. Elements of
culture
• Language
• Nationality
• Sex
• Education
• Profession
• Ethnic group
• Religion
• Social class
• Corporate culture
• Family
• Values
• Norms
• Attitudes
• folkways
• Customs

6. • Example: Women in Indian Society wear
‘Kumkum/Sindur’ on their foreheads because their
parent told them to wear. The parents did the same
because their parents had done so.
• Eating cow’s meat is viewed critically by Hindu
Society. While drinking liquor is common in the US,
the same is prohibited in Saudi Arabia and is a
punishable offence

7. Characteristics of
Culture
• Culture is learned
• Culture is unconscious
• Culture is shared
• Culture is integrated
• Culture is Symbolic
• Culture is a way of life
• Culture is Dynamic
• Culture is Relative
• Culture is universal

8. Determinants
of CultureReligion
Language
Education
Political
philosophy
Social
structure

9. level of culture
Dominant Culture
Sub Culture
Organizational
Occupational
pervasive and extends to the whole of a
country
practices of Punjabies are different from
those obtain in Karnataka.
TATA is different from that of INFOSYS while
that of INFOSIS is not the same as that of
WIPRO.
An Account for example speaks the same
financial language whether he or she is an
Indian or an American. So is the case with a
medical practitioner or an attorney.

10. Characteristics of
Organization
Culture
• Centralized vs. decentralized decision making:
• Safety vs. risk: in some so
• Individual vs. group rewards
• Informal vs formal procedures:
• High vs. low organizational loyalty:
• Cooperation vs. competition:
• Short term vs. long term horizons
• Stability vs. innovation

11. Cultural
Sensitivity
Knowing that cultural differences as well as
similarities exist, without assigning values (i.e.
better or worse, right or wrong) to those cultural
differences.

12. Cultural Sensitivity
• Communicate effectively with customers, suppliers, business associates and
partners in other countries and foreign employees (expatriates).
• Conduct negotiations and understand the nuances of the beginning postures of the
other parties into a negotiation.
• Predict trends in social behavior likely to affect the firm’s foreign operations.
• Understand the ethical standards and concepts of social responsibility in various
countries.
• Build Foster relationships between union confederations and employee associations
require cultural empathy.
• Understand local Government policies and influences it for business promotion.
• Conduct efficient meetings in different countries and encourage employees
participation in management.
• Understand how people interpret market research an other information.
Therefore, every international manager need to know about cultural differences among
nations in order to be able to:

13. MULTICULTURALISM

14. An American family on assignment in
Indonesia went to restaurant with their Pet
dog. The restaurant manager politely
greeted then at the door, took their dog and ,
30Minutes later-family was shocked
They had SERVED IT TO THEM
The consumption of dog meat is associated
with their culture, where dog meat is
considered a festive dish usually reserved for
occasions such as weddings and Christmas.

15. Cross cultural theories

16. Cross cultural
Theories
Organizational culture varies one from another
based on 4 factors:
• Organizational objectives and Goals.
• Competitive Challenge
• National variables and
• Socio cultural variables like different religion,
language, education etc.
Cultural Diversity or Multi-Culturism

17. Hofstede’ Cultural
Dimension
Dutch Scientist, has analyzed
cultural dimension in IBM
Employees (1,16,000) in 70
countries and in 3 regions
like E. Africa, W .Africa and Saudi
Arabia.
Hofstede tried to eliminate the
impact of changing organizational
cultures and analyzed the influences
of different national cultures.

18. Hofstede provides a useful framework for
understanding the workforce diversity. His main
findings were:
• Work related value are not universal
• Underlying values continues when a multinational
company tries to impose the same norms on all its foreign
interests.
• Local value determine how the headquarters regulations
are interpreted;
• By implication, a multinational that tries to insist on
uniformity is n danger of creating morale problems and
inefficiencies.

19. Hofstede’s
framework for
Assessing culture
Hofstede’s studies of the interactions between
national cultures and organizational cultures
demonstrated that there are national and regional
cultural groupings that affect the behaviors of
societies and organizations, and that are very
persistent across time

20. Dimensions of Hofstede’s framework of
assessing culture:
• Low and High Power Distance
• Individual and collectivism
• Masculinity v/s Femininity
• Uncertainty avoidance
• Long and short term orientation

21. Power Distance:
unequal power of distribution.
It is the distance between individuals at different levels of hierarchy.
Hofstede observed two types of distance:
1. High power distance
2. Low power distance
High Power distance Low power distance
Countries in which people blindly obey the
orders of their superior, employees
acknowledge the boss’s authority simply
by
respecting that individual’s formal position
in
the hierarchy, and they seldom bypass the
chain of command
Countries which people (supervisors and
sub
ordinates) are apt to regard one another
equal in
power.
Results
• Less Harmony and less cooperation
• Centralized order
• Autocratic Leadership
• Taller Organization structure
• More harmony and cooperation.
• Decentralized structure
• Democratic leadership
• Flatter organization structure
Maxico, South Korea and India. Austria, Esrael, USA, UK, Denmark

22. Power Distance:
unequal power of distribution.
High Power distance Low power distance
Countries in which people blindly obey the
orders of their superior, employees
acknowledge the boss’s authority simply
by
respecting that individual’s formal position
in
the hierarchy, and they seldom bypass the
chain of command
Countries which people (supervisors and
sub
ordinates) are apt to regard one another
equal in
power.
Results
• Less Harmony and less cooperation
• Centralized order
• Autocratic Leadership
• Taller Organization structure
• More harmony and cooperation.
• Decentralized structure
• Democratic leadership
• Flatter organization structure
Maxico, South Korea and India. Austria, Esrael, USA, UK, Denmark

23. Uncertainty Avoidance
High uncertainty avoidance Low uncertainty avoidance
Countries with a high level of uncertainty
avoidance tend to have strict laws and
procedures to which people adhere
closely, and there is strong sense of
nationalism.
In a business context this value results in
formal rules and procedures designed to
provide more security and greater career
stability
In countries with lower levels of
uncertainty
avoidance nationalism is less pronounced,
and protests and other such activities are
tolerated. As a consequence, company
activities are less structured and less
formal.
so
• Managers have propensity for low risk
decisions,
• employees exhibit little aggressiveness
• lifetime employment is common
• Taller organization structure
• Managers take more risk, and there is
high job mobility
• Peoples have risk taking attitude and
high labour turnover.
• Flatter organizational structure
Japan, Israel, Austria, Pakistan India, USA, UK etc.

24. Individual and collectivism
Individual collectivism
Interest of Self and Family
‘I’ consciousness
Independence of Individual from
organization.
Grater Individual Initiatives
Promotions are based on Merit and
performance
Interest of Group
‘We’ consciousness
Dependency on organization
Less Individual initiatives
Promotions are seniority based
USA, UK, Australia Japan, Taiwan and Pakistan

25. Masculinity v/s Femininity
Traditionally, ‘masculine’ values – assertiveness, materialism, aggressiveness and a
lack of concern for others that prevail in society, femininity emphasizes feminine
values – a concern for others, for relationships, nurturing, care for weak and for
quality of life. The degree of masculinity affects in the following characteristics way:
High Masculinity Low Masculinity
• Career is considered as most
important
• Work needs take precedence
• Individual decision-making is
emphasized
• Achievement is given importance and
is defined in terms of money and
recognition
• Importance is placed on cooperation
and friendly atmosphere.
• Employee security gets precedence.
• Group decision – making is
emphasized
• Achievement is defined in terms of
human contacts and living
environment
Countries with high masculinity – India,
Japan,
USA, UK etc.
Countries with low masculinity – Denmark,
Norway, Sweden etc.

26. Kluckhohn - Strodthbeck
This theory is based on the ‘Patterns
of behavior and thinking’ in different
cultures. The researchers distinguish
and compare cultures based on the
following dimensions

27. 1. What is the nature of people – Good, evil or mixed
2. What is a person’s relationship to nature – Dominant, Harmony,
subjugation.
3. What is a person’s relationship to – Hierarchical, collectivist or
others?
Individualistic.
4. What is the modality of human activity? – Doing, being or containing
5. What is the temporal focus of human activity? Future, present or
past.
6. What is the conception of Space? Private, public or mixed.

28. Halls and Halls
Halls and Halls in 1987 provided another basis for
cross cultural classification. They divided
the world into two cultures:
A) Low context Culture
B) High context Culture

29. 􀂄 Members of high – context
cultures depend heavily on the
external environment,
situation and non – verbal behavior
in creating and interpreting
communication. Members
of this culture group learn to
interpret the covert clues when they
communicate – so much
meaning is conveyed indirectly.
􀂄 Examples – Arabic, Chinese and
Japanese, where indirect style of
communication and
ability to understand the same is
highly valued.
In low – context cultures like the
US, Sweden, and Britain, the
environment is les important,
and non-verbal behavior is often
ignored.
􀂄 Therefore, communication has to
be explicit and clear.
􀂄 A direct and blunt style is valued
and ambiguity is disliked in
managerial communication.

30. Trompennars
7d cultural dimension model

31. Research produced five cultural dimensions that are based on
relationship orientations and attitudes toward both time and the
environment
􀂄 Individualism vs. collectivism
􀂄 Universalism vs. particularism (rules)
􀂄 Neutral vs. affective (emotion)
􀂄 Specific vs. diffused involvement
􀂄 Achievement vs. ascription (status)
􀂄 Past, present and future orientation
􀂄 Internal vs. external control (nature)

32. Universalism vs.
Particularism
Universalism - belief that ideas
and practices can be applied
everywhere in the world
without modification
Particularism - belief that
circumstances dictate how
ideas and practices should be
applied and something cannot
be done the same everywhere
Focus on formal rules and rely on
business contacts
Focus on relationships, working
things out to suit the parties

33. Individualism vs. Communitarianism
􀂃 Individualism - people regard
themselves as individuals
􀂃 Communitarianism - people
regard themselves as part of a
group
􀂄 Rely on individuals to make
decisions
􀂄 Seek consultation and mutual
consent before making decisions
Neutral vs. Emotional
􀂃 Neutral - culture in which
emotions are held in check
􀂃 Emotional - culture in which
emotions are expressed openly
and naturally
􀂄 People try not to show their feelings 􀂄 People smile, talk loudly, greet
each other with enthusiasm

34. Specific vs. Diffuse
􀂃 Specific - culture in which
individuals have a large public
space they readily
share with others and a small
private space they guard closely
and share with
only close friends and associates
Diffuse - culture in which both
public and private space are similar
in size and individuals guard their
public space carefully, because
entry into public space affords
entry into private space as well
People often are open and extroverted People often appear indirect and
introverted, and work and private life
often are closely linked
Work and private life are separate

35. Achievement vs. Ascription
Achievement - culture in which
people are accorded status
based on how well
they perform their functions
Ascription - culture in which
status is attributed based on
who or what a person is
For example, status may be
accorded on the basis of age,
gender, or
social connections

36. Time
􀂃 􀂃 Sequential approach to time -
people do one thing at a time, keep
appointments strictly, follow plans
to the letter
􀂃 􀂃 Synchronous approach -
people do more than one thing at a
time, appointments
are approximate
Environment
􀂃 Inner-directed
􀂃 People believe in controlling
environmental outcomes
􀂃 Outer-directed
􀂃 People believe in allowing things
to take their natural course
Cultural Patterns or Clusters
Defined groups of countries that are similar to each other in terms of the
five
dimensions and the orientations toward time and the environment

37. Andre Laurent’s
Laurent analyzed the values of
managers in nine European countries
and the US in 1983 and 1989
in China, Indonesia and Japan.

38. Laurent used four parameters
• Perceptions of the organizations
• Authority systems
• Role formulation systems
• Hierarchical systems

39. • This research treated management as a process by which
managers express their cultural values – like how far manager
caries his / her status into the wider context outside the
workplace Therefore, the international manager needs cross –
cultural competence to manage multiculturalism.
• Cross cultural competence includes skills, awareness and
Knowledge. In order to be culturally competent, an individual
needs to:
1. Possess a strong personal identity
2. Have knowledge of and facility with the beliefs and values of
the culture;
3. display sensitivity to the effective process of the culture.
4. Communicate clearly in the language of the given culture
group.
5. Perform specially sanctioned behavior.
6. Maintain active social relations within the cultural group
7. Negotiate the institutional structures of that culture.

41. Why needed ?
1. In global businesses, activities such as leading, motivating, decision making,
problem solving, exchanging ideas and information depends on the ability of
proper
communication from one culture to another.
2. Mistakes in cross-cultural communication often go unnoticed by the
communicators, but these mistakes have the potentials to cause damage to
international relationships and negotiations.
3. Mistakes or misinterpretations of the subtle gestures of the hands, and face,
the use of silence, what is said or not said, and the intricacies of dealing with
age and status often provide PITFALLS for International Business.

42. Critical dimensions in
Intercultural
communication are:
1. Language and Culture
2. Difference between high and low context
cultures
3. The use of interpreters
4. non-verbal communication

43. Culture shock

44. Culture shock is a term used to describe the anxiety and
feelings (of surprise, disorientation, confusion, etc.) felt
when people have to operate within an entirely different
cultural or social environment, such as a foreign country.
It grows out of the difficulties in assimilating the new
culture, causing difficulty in knowing what is appropriate
and what is not.

45. Phases of Culture Shock
􀂄 The "Honeymoon Phase" - During this period the differences between
the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light, wonderful and new.
􀂄 "Negotiation Phase" - After a few days, weeks, or months, minor
differences between the old and new culture are resolved.
􀂄 The "Everything is OK" phase - Again, after a few days, weeks, or
months, one grows accustomed to the new culture's differences and
develops routines. By this point, one no longer reacts to the new culture
positively or negatively, because it no longer feels like a new culture. One
becomes concerned with basic living again, as one was in their original
culture.
􀂄 Reverse Culture Shock - Returning to one's home culture after growing
accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above.

47. Sign of Culture
Shock:
• Irritability
• Fluctuating appetite
• Moodiness
• Disrupted sleep
• Homesickness
• Spending time alone
• Avoiding the locals
• Reading all day
• Boredom
• low energy
• Confusion
• Anxiety
• Negativity
• Alienation
• Depression
• Physical illness
• Depression

48. OCTAPACE
The most important aspect of organizational culture are the values it
practices. Eight values may be examined to develop the profile of an
organizational culture that is called OCTAPACE.
OPENNESS
CONFRONTATION
TRUST
AUTHENTICITY
PROACTIVELY
AUTONOMY
COLLABORATION
EXPERIMENTING.

49. a) Openness - the comparative openness in the system should
influence the design of HRS. Organizations can be classified in
continuum from completely open to completely close. No orgn
may be on the two extremes of the continuum. However, they
will tend to be towards one or the other end. The degree of
openness of the orgn will be an imp factor in determining the
nature of the various dimensions of HRD being designed, as
well as the way in which these dimensions should be
introduced. orgn which are fairly open may start with several
confronting designs of HRS .
b) Confrontation - this term is used in relation to problem putting
the front rather than the back to escaping the problems. A better
term would be confrontation exploration that implies facing a
problem and working jointly with other concerned to find its
solution. If an organization encourages people to recognize a
problem, bring it to people concerned, explore with them to
under it and search possible ways of dealing with it.

50. c) Trust - which introducing the HRD in an orgnization trust in another
factor which should be considered along with openness. If the
level of trust is low, the various dimensions of HRS are likely to be
seen with suspicion and therefore the credibility of the system may
go down. in such a case the system if introduced may become
a vital and cease to perform the main functions for which it meant.
d) Authenticity- is the value underlying trust. It is the willingness of a
person to acknowledge the feelings he /she has, and accept
imself / herself as well as other who relate to him/her as persons.
Authenticity is reflected in the narrowest gap between the stated
vales and the actual behavior. This value is important for the
development of a culture of mutuality.
e) Proactive - can be contrasted with the term react. It in the later
action is in response to an act from some source, while in the
former the action is taken independently of act form the other
source. Proaction means anticipating issues in advancing to take
advantage of this undertaking conflict or responding to needs of the

51. f ) Autonomy - nothing but willingness to use power without fear and
helping other to do same. It multiplies power in system and the basis is
collaboration.
g) Collaboration - involves working together during one another
strengths for a common cause. Individuals instead of solving their
problems by themselves share their concerns with one another ands prepare
strategies working out plan of actions and implement them together.
h) Experimenting - as a value emphasizes the importance given to
Innovating and trying out new ways of dealing with problems in the
organization.
A profile of an organization. on these aspects may help to decide what
elements of HRS should be introduced in what sequences in the organization.

52. Flag
UAEUAE
United Arab Emirates

53. Dressing

54. Food Culture

55. Food Culture –
No No
• Pork
Muslims are prohibited from eating pork so it is not included in Arab
menus. There are substitutes for the same.
• Alcohol
Alcohol is generally only served in hotel restaurants and bars.
Exceptions are some clubs (e.g. golf clubs) and associations.

56. Doing Business in
the UAE
Working
Practice
Companies
Structure
Working
Relation
Business
Practices
Social
Customs

57. Working
Practice
• Saturday – Wednesday (Traditional Working Week)
• Meetings should be scheduled advanced with extra
time allocation
• Attitude to time is comparatively relaxed

58. Structure & Hierarchy of
Companies
• Strong vertical Hierarchy
• Age Money & Family – Determining factors of Personal
Status
• Status is important & must be recognized
Titles : Shaikh – Chief, Ustadh – Professor

59. Working
Relation
• Prefer to do Business in Person
• Prefer to do Business with those who they know
• Family & Friends come before anything else

60. Business
Practice
• Customary greeting is “As-salam alikum” with reply “Wa alaikum as-
salam”
• Initial business meeting – Way to become acquainted with your
counterparts
• Business Cards are common but not essential. If intended ensure
English and Arabic printed information.

61. Social Custom
• Gifts
– Sign of Generosity
• Dining
– Sign of respect –
starts eating last
– Host pays for it
• Left Hand
– Do not use or offer
item with your left
hand
• Shoes
– Follow the lead of your
host

62. Business
Etiquette
Do’s
 Address Emirati counterpart with
appropriate titles
 Dress Conservatively
 Accept Invitation to a meal or
social events
 Politeness and courtesy
Don’t
• Expect a one-on-one meeting to only
include yourself and the other person.
• Assume that the person who asks the
most questions in meetings holds the
most Responsibility.
• DON’T ask about a person’s wife or
daughters.
• Don’t speak Loud and with laughter

63. Tips for effective
communication
• Be clear and concise
• Speak more slowly
• Reinforce your message
• Make presentations effective
• Double-check understanding
• Be open-minded

64. Doing Business in Latin America
• Few people rush into business
• Men and women congregate into separate
groups at social functions
• Latin Americans stand more closely to
each other than North Americans when in
conversation
• Men may embrace

65. (Cont.)
• Guests are expected to arrive late, with
exception of American guests
• Little concern about deadlines
• Machismo - expectation that businessmen
will display forcefulness, self-confidence,
leadership with flourish
• Fatalism

66. Doing
Business in
East Asia
• Japan, Korea, China
• Meetings devoted to pleasantries; serving
tea, engaging in chitchat
• Seniors and elders command respect
• Consciously use slow down techniques as
bargaining ploys
• Business cards should be bilingual

67. Doing
Business in
Russia
• Protocol-conscious
• Do business only with highest ranking executives
• Appear stiff and dull
• More expressive in private than in public
• Hard to draw up contracts due to language
barriers
• Have little advertising experience

68. Doing Business
in the
Middle East
• Prefer to act through trusted third parties
• Personal honor given high premium
• Fatalism
• Emotionally expressive
• Intense eye contact
• Guests should avoid discussing politics, religion,
host’s family and personal professions

69. DOING BUSINESS IN
GERMANY

70. Differences between Indian Culture & Western Culture
Basis Indian Culture Western Culture
Belief in Faith &
Luck
Strong believers Believe in hard work & efforts
Belief in Spiritualism Strong believers Believe in Materialism
Public Appearance No body exposures.
Considered obscene.
Fashionable clothes the in
thing
Care of Old People Sons are expected to
take care of their
Parents.
Old parents are not cared for.
Respect for Women No religious ceremony is
held without wife.
Women given respect in
traditional sense
Relegated to Old Homes
Women looked as objects of
pleasure. Women are free
in every aspect

71. Business Culture - India
Relationships and feelings play a larger role in decisions
in India. In general, Indians tend to take larger risks with
a person whose intentions they trust. Thus, one's
credibility and trustworthiness are critical in negotiating a
deal.
Showing hospitality is part of the negotiation
process. Often meetings start by offering
tea/coffee and snacks. It is courteous to
accept the offer.

72. Business Culture - India
Indians are inductive in their approach to understanding things. In the
Indian psyche, reality can be understood only in its overall context.
Knowing the personal, social and historical contexts [of people, events,
ideas, etc.] are a precondition to comprehending them accurately.
Therefore, one should be prepared for questions and enquiries, which
may not seem to be directly related to the subject. To people coming
from more deductive cultures, this behavior often appears to indicate a
lack of focus and digression.
Indians are 'polychronic' people, i.e., they tend to deal with
more than one task at the same time. So be prepared for
some distractions/ disturbances during the meeting, e.g., a
secretary walking in to get some papers signed, or the
conversation sometimes digressing into unrelated topics.
One must appreciate that such behavior/occurrences do not
show a lack of interest or attention.

73. Business Culture - India
In general, Indians are cautious in accepting a new idea or
proposal. Openness to a new idea depends not only on its quality,
but also on its source and endorsement. That is, information about
who else has implemented it or who has proposed it has a major
influence on the decision about a new idea. In making a proposal,
you must include such details accordingly.
PowerPoint presentations are generally accepted to
start the discussion. It is necessary, however, to
send a more detailed proposal in advance. Often,
the details of the proposal are vetted by some
middle-level executive, who will then brief the
superior about them.

74. Business Culture - India
Bargaining for the price or additional concessions is normal in
India. Indian negotiators expect and value flexibility in negotiation.
Therefore, sometimes a straightforward offer may be perceived as
a rigid stand. It is always advisable to build some buffers in one's
initial offer, which allow for bargaining later.
Indians usually do not express their disagreements
openly and directly; doing so would be considered
discourteous. Instead, when differences arise, they
may circumvent them by statements such as 'we will
discuss this later' or 'I will have to check with others
about this.

75. Business Culture - India
Do not insist on commitment in the first meeting. Making a
decision, in Indian organizations, is often a long-drawn out
process. This is not only because of the bureaucratic nature of
many Indian organizations, but also because a decision may have
to be ratified by people who may not be present at the negotiating
table.

76. • Box of Sweets
• Chocolates
• Bouquet of Flowers
• Household Items
• Liquor, but . . . .
Gifts

77. • Families
• Tradition
• Foreign Countries
• Cricket
• Politics & Religion
Poverty
Personal Matters
Military Spending
Topics of Conversation

78. Doing Business in India
If there ever was an example of what a
heterogeneous society looks like, it is India.
The differences between people due to
region, religion, language and caste make it
very difficult for anyone to impart general
observations on the country. Behavior,
etiquette and approach are all modified
depending on whom you are addressing and

79. Hierarchy
One of the most significant cultural influences on Indian
culture is that of hierarchy. You will see this manifest in many
ways when doing business in India. For example, only the
owner or the most superior person of a company will make
business decisions. Even if you are dealing with a manager,
they will always go to the boss for a final decision.
• You may often find that, as a sign of respect, subordinates stand up
when the boss enters a room. If you are unsure whether to rise or
not, err on the side of caution and do so.
• Women in business, especially in senior positions, executives, are a
relatively new development. If you are a woman doing business in
India, you will normally find people respectful and courteous, but not
very comfortable in working with you for business deals. You may
have to make extra efforts to get them to discuss business with you.

80. Meeting and Greeting
•Handshakes are exchanged on meeting. Indians themselves use
the namaste. This is where the palms are brought together at chest
level with a slight bow of the head. However as a foreigner doing
business in India you would not be expected to use it.
•When addressing an Indian try and use the appropriate
formal title, whether it is Professor, Doctor, Mr, Mrs followed by the
family name.
•Names speak volumes about an Indian’s background. For
example, a Singh will usually (but not always) be a Sikh. The suffix
“-jee” ( as in Banerjee) is a sign of a high caste. Arabic sounding
names such as ‘Abdul’ will be used by Muslims.
•When doing business in India, business cards should be
exchanged at the first meeting. English is the language of
business so there is no need to translate your cards. Be sure to
receive and give with your right hand. Make sure the card is put
away respectfully and not simply pushed into a trouser pocket.

81. Building Trust
Doing business in India involves building
relationships and establishing trust. It is
vital that a good relationship is founded
on two foundations.
1) on a business level, i.e. demonstrating strong
business acumen, professionalism and
qualifications and
2) at a personal level, i.e. relating to your
partner and exhibiting the positive traits of
trustworthiness and honour.

82. Meetings and Negotiations
• Punctuality for meetings is expected, although being 10
minutes late will not have disastrous consequences.
Flexibility is part of life!
• When entering a meeting room you must always
approach and greet the most senior figure first. Never
get ‘down to business’. Meetings should always commence
with some conversation – good topics of conversation
include cricket, politics and film.
• If your doing business in India involves negotiations,
always bear in mind that they can be slow. If trust has
not yet been established then concentrate efforts on building
a rapport.
• Indians do not base business decisions solely on
statistics, empirical data and flashy PowerPoint
presentations. They use intuition, feeling and faith to guide
them. Always exercise patience, show good character and
never exhibit frustration or anger.

83. Language
Different states in India each have different
official languages. Central government only
recognizes Hindi as the official language of India.
However, when doing business in India, English is
the language of international commerce.

84. Foreign Investment
• Most sectors follow the automatic approval route
• FDI caps:
Telecom up to 74 percent,
Mining 74 percent,
Private sector banking 49 percent,
Insurance 26 percent.
(The government is seeking to increase the FDI caps further)
• FDI up to 51 percent in priority capital and intermediary goods sectors.
• Non resident Indians and overseas corporate bodies allowed 100
percent equity in key areas.

86. The Characteristic of
South Koreans

88. Meeting Etiquette

89. Don’ts
• Introduce yourself to your partner
• Use someone’s real name.
• Write on someone’s business card
• Insult or criticize in front of others
• Show annoyed expression when you are in
negotiations

90. Table Manners

91. Don’t
• Point chopsticks
• Pierce food with chopsticks
• Pick up food with hands
• Accept the first offer of second helping
• Place chopsticks parallel across your rice bowl
when you’re finished eating

92. • Do’s
• Wrap gift in red or yellow paper
• Use both hands when offering a gift
• Don’ts
• Wrap gifts in green, white or black paper
• Sign a card in red ink
• Opened the gift when received
Gift Giving
ETIQUETtE

93. Dos
• Men should wear dark color, conservative
business suits with white shirts
• Women should dress conservatively and wear
light color
Don’ts
• Man shouldn’t wearing jewelry other than a
watch or wedding ring
Dress
Etiquette

94. Japanese company structure
VS
American company structure

95. Key concepts to understand
Japanese Business system
-Salary goes higher as you get older
- Once you are hired by the company, you will work for it
until you retire
- You are assigned various kinds of jobs in different
departments within the company

96. Salary
• Japan
－You get higher salary
as you get older
Salary you get now is not
always related to your
current performance
• US
Your salary is based
on your current
performance

97. Difference of salary you get and salary
based on your performance
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
22 30 40 50 60
Salary you get
Salary base on your
performance

98. Findings
• You need to stay in the company until you retire
to get the salary that you haven not received

99. Company system
• Japan
Cross functional
Workers are assigned
various jobs within a
company
Your career is developed
within a company
Ex)A marketing senior
manager is promoted to a
HR Vice president
• US
Vertical functional
Workers are promoted
within a department
Your career is developed
within a market

100. Recruiting and Promotion Decision makers
• Japan
HR department
They have the function
of recruiting and
promoting of allover the
company
• US
Each department
There are recruiters but each
department often has recruiting
functions too
Managers of each department
usually has promotion functions

101. Skills required
• Japan
General skills is required
in a company
Workers try to get overall
skills that is necessary to
fulfill various jobs in a
company
• US
Special skills that is
required for a job in
the market
Workers try to get
special skills that is
necessary to fulfill a
specific job

102. Commitment
• Japan: Lifelong (終身雇
用）
Once you are hired to the
company, basically you will
work for the company until
you retire
Exception)Workers are
sometimes sent to an
another company that has
relation with his/her
company but mainly it is for
making stronger connection
between companies
• US: Short term
You change companies
or jobs and proceed
within the market
Average Americans have
6-8 different jobs and 3-4
different occupations

103. Japan:
Good points/ Bad points
• Good
 You are able to see overall company,
which helps you to be a manager who
is fully understanding the company
 Insider CEOs care more about
company future or reputation than
their own reputation or benefit
 Strong company culture and strong
loyalty is developed
-employees are thought to be assets
rather than cost
 You can save the cost for workers
who quit jobs
• Bad
 It is not easy to leave a company
which you find you do not fit
 You might be assigned to a
department that you do not desire
 Not getting people who has
experience in a different market
makes companies more difficult
to get new wind
 It is not easy to fire low productive
workers

104. US:
Good points/ Bad points
• Good
 Flexible-you are able to change
companies, jobs as you desire
 You can fire low productive
workers easily
 Getting new workers who has
experience of a different market or
jobs brings new wind to a
company
• Bad
 It is not easy to share company
culture with new workers
 It is expensive to advertise a job
opening, recruit and train a new
worker
 Outsider CEOs care more about their
own reputation or benefit than
company reputation of future
 Companies lay-off employees easily,
employees quits easily
-low trust

105. Business culture-
China vs US
Presentation Outline
• Foundation of US ethics- basic discussion
• Comparison of Business culture-China vs US
• Strategies and Managerial Implications

106. Cultural
Foundation of
American
Ethics
• Foundation based on Judeo-Christian and
Western socio-theological principles
• intrinsic underlying truth
• a sovereign moral authority--God
• God declines “right or wrong”
• Natural law -- “inalienable rights”
• life, liberty and pursuit of happiness

107. American ethics (continued)
• Limits on individual freedom are either
(1) voluntary
(2) lawfully imposed
• Results -- individualism and contract
• Individual’s right to choice is consistent with
market economy
• The functioning of a free market economy
can be described as “nexus of contracts”
• A business contract - spells out details of
relationships and is enforced by law if
violated

108. Comparison
of Business
Culture:
China vs US
• Business culture - time-tested and conventional
practices
• China and US have a different business culture
-- result of different history and practices

109. Notion of Harmony
China
• Everything is in
harmony
• Change is viewed
as disruptive
• Reason -- too many
people
US
• Efficiency and
effectiveness
• End result
• logical reasoning on
facts
• change to get
desired results

110. Importance of Relationship
• China
• 4 important social
groups: relatives,
schoolmates,
personal friends,
and the indirect
relationship from the
3
• Importance of
“guanxi”
(connection)
• US
• constitutions
guarantee the rights
• a short history to
inherit traditions
• stress on
individualism for
personal
achievement

111. Relationship (continued)
• Agricultural state
(small community
mentality)
• privacy is not highly
valued
• individualism is not
singled out
• “rule of man” over
“rule of law”
• Relatively few
norms
• melting pot
• Increased tolerance
on diversity
• separate personal
and business
relationship
• friendship can be
formed and

112. Subtlety and Explicitness
• US
• Frank and open
China
• Build on subtlety
• Language based on
abstraction of ideas
• Reduce
confrontation
• Outspoken --not
norm
(read the tea leaves-
- observe body,

113. Subtlety and Explicitness (continued)
• Courtesy
(righteousness,
ethics and honor)-
virtues
• Saving face
• Do not say “no”
easily
• Hint to get help
• Self-control makes
people appear “shy”

114. Communication Style
China
• Silence for reflection
• Not to exaggerate
(implications on
marketing a product)
US
• uncomfortable with
gaps of silence
• Some American feel
ok to exaggerate
• fluency and gift of
gab--admirable

115. Communication-continued
• Non-linear thinking
• pragmatic thinking
• rare physical contact
• no eye contact
• “Yes” means “I am
listening” (not I
accept)
• Linear thinking
• pragmatic and look
for innovation
• normal touching
• eye contact is
important (implying I
have no harm)
• Hi- means friendly

116. Negotiation
• China US
• contract is the end
in itself
• Americans think
Chinese use
banquet as the way
to get upper hand
• discuss openly costs
and benefits

117. Rule of Banquet
China
• Much attention to
eating and drinking
• Private rooms in
restaurant
• round table with
chopsticks
• Seats assigned
• Do not stretch arm
for food
US
• using club members

118. Taboos
• China
• Concerns with
numbers (symbol for
luck)
• Success factors:
fate, luck, feng-
shui,good deeds
and knowledge
US
• Hard work

119. Strategies of
Resolving Conflict
• Avoiding
• Forcing
• Education and persuasion
• Infiltration
• Accommodation
• Negotiation and compromise
• Collaboration and problem solving

122. International Manners
• Africa Present the card with right hand
• Asia Offer the card with both hand and accept in the same way (China, Japan,
• South Korea, India)
• Australia & New Zeeland- Not so Important for them
• Europe -Power breakfasts are become more popular (in France, Switzerland,
England)
• Middle East & Gulf Countries -Present Card with right hand with respect
• Canada & USA It is acceptable to make a cold call ( calling a person without making
an
• introduction or appointment
• Africa Be prepared for a large no. of people
• Asia Decide before hand what tech. information they are willing to share and be
sure everyone on your team knows
• Australia & New Zeeland- To the point, specific and punctual
• Europe Class conscious good manners are critical and ignorance is no excuse for
bad manners
• Middle East & Gulf Countries- Maintain Royalty and detail discussion, prefer local
language or English
• Canada & USA Meeting begin and end as scheduled. There is very little small talk at
meetings

123. Topics to Avoid:
• Africa Refer to people as Africans not Blacks
• Asia Both men and women should avoid ‘ Going Negative’ in their clothing
• choices.
• Australia & New Zeeland-Over Introduction
• Europe Never try to make a cold call to get an appointment, they don’t like
to make business on phone/ call
• Middle East & Gulf Countries- Other religion discussion, Political discussion
• Canada & USA Unnecessary discussion and killing the time.

124. Gestures to Avoid:
• Africa In rural areas, avoid strong eye contact
• Asia Avoid Eye contact and touching the body
• Australia & New Zeeland- Red eyes
• Europe Hate shaking leg with dirty shoes and dirty dress
• Middle East & Gulf Countries-
• Do not walk in front of an Arab while he is praying and
never step on a prayer met. Don’t hurry at the diner /
lunch party, eat separately women and men at home.
• Canada & USA Standing too close to a north American
may be perceived as an invasion of one’s personal space

125. Corporate Gifts /
Greetings
• Africa A light warm handshake is acceptable form of greeting when anyone
meet and anyone leave
• Asia Bow down to each other
• Australia & New Zeeland- During parties, host will introduce to the other
guests, do not expect gifts from foreigners doing business with them
• Europe Shake hands with a firm grip when any one meet and anyone
depart
• Middle East & Gulf Countries- Gift should be presented publicly to the
group after a deal is closed. In addition to hand shake , they may touch
other arms & shoulder, and embrace when they are so close
• Canada & USA Hand shake is a full – hand grip

126. Meetings and presentations
• Africa Be prepared for a large no. of people
• Asia Decide before hand what tech. information they are willing to share
and be sure everyone on your team knows
• Australia & New Zeeland- To the point, specific and punctual
• Europe Class conscious good manners are critical and ignorance is no
excuse for bad manners
• Middle East & Gulf Countries- Maintain Royalty and detail discussion,
prefer local language or English
• Canada & USA Meeting begin and end as scheduled. There is very little
small talk at meetings

127. Doing business in China
1. The focus of reform in China is primarily on the state owned enterprises (SOE).
2. The managers are official, not entrepreneurs, there is no real incentives for them.
3. Business meetings typically start with pleasantries such as tea and general
conversation about the guest’s trip to the country, local accommodations, and family.
4. The Chinese host will give the appropriate indication for when a meeting is to begin
and when the meeting is over.
5. Once the Chinese decide who and what is best, they tend to stick with these
decisions. Although slow in formulating a plan of action, once they get started, they
make fairly good progress.
6. In negotiations, reciprocity is important. If the Chinese give concessions, they expect
some in return.
7. Because negotiating can involve a loss of face, it is common to find Chinese carrying
out the whole process through intermediaries.
8. During negotiations, it is important not to show excessive emotion of any kind.
Anger or frustration is viewed as antisocial and unseemly (indecent).
9. Negotiations should be viewed with a long-term perspective. Those who will do
best are the ones who realize they are investing in a long-term relationship.

128. Doing business in India
1. It is important to be on time for meetings.
2. Personal questions should not be asked unless the other individual is a
friend or close associate.
3. Titles are important, so people who are doctors or professors should be
addressed accordingly.
4. Public displays of affection are considered to be inappropriate, so one
should refrain from backslapping or touching others.
5. Beckoning is done with the palm turned down; pointing often is done with the
chin.
6. When eating or accepting things, use the right hand because the left is
considered to be unclean.
7. The namaste gesture can be used to greet people; it also is used to convey
other
messages, including a signal that one has had enough food.
8. Bargaining for goods and services is common; this contrasts with Western
traditions, where bargaining might be considered rude or abrasive.

129. Thank You