This document provides an overview of water quality parameters for water treatment. It discusses the importance of water quality for drinking water and outlines several physical, chemical, and biological parameters that are used to define water quality. These include turbidity, color, temperature, tastes and odors, total solids, alkalinity, pH, and more. The document also gives information on analytical testing methods for various parameters and how treatment processes can be used to improve water quality.
This document summarizes water quality and sources of raw water. It discusses that water quality is analyzed physically, chemically, and biologically. The physical characteristics discussed are turbidity, color, taste and odor, and temperature. Turbidity measures the clarity of water and is impacted by suspended particles. Color in water can indicate organic substances or algae. Taste and odor come from minerals, metals, salts, or biological reactions. Temperature affects chemical reactions in water systems and the growth of microorganisms. Overall water quality impacts the health, aesthetic, and usable properties of water.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
The document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes. It describes the typical steps in conventional surface water treatment, which include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. It also discusses other treatment methods like softening, activated carbon treatment for removing synthetic organic chemicals, and onsite treatment systems. The key steps in water treatment are aimed at removing suspended particles, pathogens, and other contaminants to make water safe for drinking and other uses.
This document discusses the quality of water from surface and underground sources. It provides details on various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to analyze water quality. These include turbidity, pH, hardness, dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrogen, phosphorus and the presence of metals, bacteria or algae. The purpose of water analysis and treatment is described as ensuring water safety and removing impurities for drinking. Common treatment methods and components of water treatment plants are also mentioned.
The document outlines procedures for determining various types of solids in water samples, including total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, and settleable solids. Total solids include all materials retained after evaporation and drying of a sample. Fixed solids are the residues remaining after ignition, while volatile solids are lost during ignition. The procedures involve filtering samples, evaporating filtrates to determine dissolved fractions, and weighing residues to calculate concentrations.
This document provides an introduction to water treatment. It discusses that contaminated water can cause diseases and outlines some global statistics on water-related illnesses. It then describes the objectives and basic processes of water treatment. The document focuses on characterizing raw water sources and quality by examining physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key water quality indicators discussed include turbidity, pH, hardness, chlorides, bacteria (including coliforms) and more. Standard methods for measuring various water quality parameters are also introduced.
This document summarizes water quality and sources of raw water. It discusses that water quality is analyzed physically, chemically, and biologically. The physical characteristics discussed are turbidity, color, taste and odor, and temperature. Turbidity measures the clarity of water and is impacted by suspended particles. Color in water can indicate organic substances or algae. Taste and odor come from minerals, metals, salts, or biological reactions. Temperature affects chemical reactions in water systems and the growth of microorganisms. Overall water quality impacts the health, aesthetic, and usable properties of water.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
The document discusses various aspects of water treatment processes. It describes the typical steps in conventional surface water treatment, which include screening, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. It also discusses other treatment methods like softening, activated carbon treatment for removing synthetic organic chemicals, and onsite treatment systems. The key steps in water treatment are aimed at removing suspended particles, pathogens, and other contaminants to make water safe for drinking and other uses.
This document discusses the quality of water from surface and underground sources. It provides details on various physical, chemical and biological parameters used to analyze water quality. These include turbidity, pH, hardness, dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrogen, phosphorus and the presence of metals, bacteria or algae. The purpose of water analysis and treatment is described as ensuring water safety and removing impurities for drinking. Common treatment methods and components of water treatment plants are also mentioned.
The document outlines procedures for determining various types of solids in water samples, including total solids, fixed solids, volatile solids, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, and settleable solids. Total solids include all materials retained after evaporation and drying of a sample. Fixed solids are the residues remaining after ignition, while volatile solids are lost during ignition. The procedures involve filtering samples, evaporating filtrates to determine dissolved fractions, and weighing residues to calculate concentrations.
This document provides an introduction to water treatment. It discusses that contaminated water can cause diseases and outlines some global statistics on water-related illnesses. It then describes the objectives and basic processes of water treatment. The document focuses on characterizing raw water sources and quality by examining physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Key water quality indicators discussed include turbidity, pH, hardness, chlorides, bacteria (including coliforms) and more. Standard methods for measuring various water quality parameters are also introduced.
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
This document summarizes the reverse osmosis (RO) water purification process used by TranscomBeverages Limited. It describes how raw water is treated through a multi-step process including sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, microfiltration, UV light, and RO membranes to remove impurities before being stored. Chemical additions like acids, caustics, and antiscalants are used to improve the RO system performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance is required to ensure the various treatment components like sand filters, activated carbon, and RO membranes continue working effectively. Water quality testing confirms the purified water meets standards for drinking water and beverage production.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This presentation discusses water demand and population forecasting methods. It defines water demand as the rate of water required for a town or city to carry out daily activities. There are different types of water demand including domestic, industrial, institutional, and fire demand. Population is a key factor in determining water demand, and there are several methods discussed for forecasting future population, including arithmetical increase, geometrical increase, and incremental increase methods. The presentation provides details on each of these population forecasting techniques.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
There are three sources of alkalinity in water samples: hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity. The alkalinity method involves titrating a water sample from its original pH down to pH 8.3 to determine hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity. The sample is then titrated down to pH 4.5 to determine total alkalinity. Calculations are performed based on the volumes of acid added and normality to quantify each alkalinity type in units of mg/L as CaCO3. The source and amount of each alkalinity present depends on the initial pH and volume of acid needed to reach pH 8.3 versus the total volume to pH 4.
Powerpoint presentation on "save water save life" made in office2013 within 10 slides. if anyone want to contact me then here is my email id- asif.ica.a0041296@gmail.com
Industrial wastewaters have highly variable compositions depending on the industry and materials processed. They can contain high levels of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Unlike domestic sewage, industrial wastewaters may have pH levels outside the normal range of 6-9 and contain high concentrations of dissolved metal salts. The flow patterns of industrial wastewaters differ from domestic sewage in that they are influenced by the operations within a factory rather than daily living activities. Factors like shift work and batch manufacturing can cause wastewater characteristics to vary over time. Industrial wastewaters require consideration of parameters like biodegradability, strength, volumes, variations, and special characteristics that could impact treatment plant operations.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
This document provides information on various stages of municipal wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment including bar racks and grit chambers. Primary treatment includes primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids. Secondary treatment processes like activated sludge and trickling filters are used to further remove suspended solids and nutrients. Final treatment includes disinfection using chlorine or UV to inactivate pathogens before discharge or reuse of treated effluent. The overall goal of wastewater treatment is to reduce BOD, suspended solids and fecal coliforms to levels safe for discharge.
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
New WAVE (Water Application Value Engine) modeling software from Dow integrates three leading technologies ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and ion exchange into one comprehensive tool.
Its robust range of features and powerful calculation engine let you model more efficiently and accurately, designing better performing multi-technology systems, faster.
Technologies under one common and user friendly interface Improved and consistent algorithms
Harmonized data for all products and processes
Powerful improvements for modeling efficiency. WAVE upgrades the best features of the Dow
ROSA, UFLOW, IXCALC and CADIX
programs, while bringing key technologies together in one common, user-friendly, time saving interface.
We has been dedicated in offering full set of water treatment solutions, such solutions can be called one-stop solutions which include system design, equipment manufacturing, project construction and after-sales service. What we can do have covered such areas as municipal tap water projects, drinkable pure water projects, industrial water projects, water-saving projects, sewage treatment engineering, constructed wetlands building, rivers & lakes governing projects and so on.
This document discusses a water purifier product from Kent. It begins by outlining the global issue of lack of access to safe drinking water. It then discusses the health issues caused by unsafe water and the need for water purification. The document provides details on the types of impurities in water and features of a good purifier. It describes Kent's purifier technology which uses a 4-step RO and UV process to remove impurities. Performance data shows high removal rates of contaminants. The document discusses the benefits of Kent's purifier and provides technical specifications and cost.
This document discusses various physical, chemical, and biological parameters used to assess water quality. It focuses on several key physical parameters including suspended solids, turbidity, color, taste and odor, and temperature. Suspended solids can be organic or inorganic in nature and provide sites for chemical absorption. Turbidity measures light scattering from suspended materials. Color in water can be from dissolved or suspended sources. Taste and odor are assessed through threshold tests. Temperature affects biological activity, gas solubility, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses total dissolved solids and how its measurement relates to electrical conductivity, as well as examples calculating solids content in wastewater.
Water pollution can originate from point sources like industries or non-point sources like agriculture. Pollutants are classified by their source, nature, concentration, and form. Water quality is assessed using physical, chemical, and biological parameters within standards set by organizations. Increased nutrients can cause eutrophication, lowering dissolved oxygen and harming aquatic life. Various pollutants like pathogens and toxins negatively impact ecosystems and human health. Control requires treatment, reducing runoff and discharges, reuse, and public education.
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
This document summarizes the reverse osmosis (RO) water purification process used by TranscomBeverages Limited. It describes how raw water is treated through a multi-step process including sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, microfiltration, UV light, and RO membranes to remove impurities before being stored. Chemical additions like acids, caustics, and antiscalants are used to improve the RO system performance. Regular cleaning and maintenance is required to ensure the various treatment components like sand filters, activated carbon, and RO membranes continue working effectively. Water quality testing confirms the purified water meets standards for drinking water and beverage production.
water demand, types of demand, factors affecting per capita demand, design periods, losses in wastes & thefts, varion in demand, coincident draft,effect of variations on components of water supply schemes, factors affecting design periods, population forecasting methods, problems on population forecasting, etc
This presentation discusses water demand and population forecasting methods. It defines water demand as the rate of water required for a town or city to carry out daily activities. There are different types of water demand including domestic, industrial, institutional, and fire demand. Population is a key factor in determining water demand, and there are several methods discussed for forecasting future population, including arithmetical increase, geometrical increase, and incremental increase methods. The presentation provides details on each of these population forecasting techniques.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Surface water treatment involves several steps: (1) intake of water from rivers through screens and grit chambers, (2) addition of chemicals like chlorine, lime, and alum through rapid mixing, (3) coagulation through slow mixing to form and densify flocs, (4) settling of flocs in tanks, (5) filtration through granular materials to remove particles, and (6) disinfection through chlorination to remove pathogens before distribution. Proper treatment is essential to make surface water potable and safe for human consumption.
There are three sources of alkalinity in water samples: hydroxide, carbonate, and bicarbonate alkalinity. The alkalinity method involves titrating a water sample from its original pH down to pH 8.3 to determine hydroxide and carbonate alkalinity. The sample is then titrated down to pH 4.5 to determine total alkalinity. Calculations are performed based on the volumes of acid added and normality to quantify each alkalinity type in units of mg/L as CaCO3. The source and amount of each alkalinity present depends on the initial pH and volume of acid needed to reach pH 8.3 versus the total volume to pH 4.
Powerpoint presentation on "save water save life" made in office2013 within 10 slides. if anyone want to contact me then here is my email id- asif.ica.a0041296@gmail.com
Industrial wastewaters have highly variable compositions depending on the industry and materials processed. They can contain high levels of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Unlike domestic sewage, industrial wastewaters may have pH levels outside the normal range of 6-9 and contain high concentrations of dissolved metal salts. The flow patterns of industrial wastewaters differ from domestic sewage in that they are influenced by the operations within a factory rather than daily living activities. Factors like shift work and batch manufacturing can cause wastewater characteristics to vary over time. Industrial wastewaters require consideration of parameters like biodegradability, strength, volumes, variations, and special characteristics that could impact treatment plant operations.
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
It mainly includes the quantitative analysis and different ways to estimate the quantity of water for different purposes before designing a water supply system
The document discusses water quality parameters for assessing groundwater and surface water sources. It provides information on various physical, chemical, and biological parameters including pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and fecal coliforms. It explains acceptable limits for these parameters according to BIS standards and potential health effects of contamination. The document also discusses how factors like geology, land use, and anthropogenic activities influence water quality in different areas.
This document provides information on various stages of municipal wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment including bar racks and grit chambers. Primary treatment includes primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids. Secondary treatment processes like activated sludge and trickling filters are used to further remove suspended solids and nutrients. Final treatment includes disinfection using chlorine or UV to inactivate pathogens before discharge or reuse of treated effluent. The overall goal of wastewater treatment is to reduce BOD, suspended solids and fecal coliforms to levels safe for discharge.
Nearly all water in the world contains contaminants, even in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities
Many dissolved minerals, carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into drinking water as it comes in contact with air and soil
When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are high, they may affect household routines and be detrimental to human health
The only way to ensure that your water supply is safe is to have a periodic laboratory water quality analysis done on your drinking water. Hach India is the leading provider of high end water quality analysis equipment in india
This presentation discusses water chemistry and drinking water quality in India. It provides background on water sources in rural India and key water quality issues. These issues include overextraction of groundwater leading to shortages, and contamination putting millions of people at health risks. The presentation then examines the critical water quality parameters to test like alkalinity, hardness, arsenic, chloride, coliform, pH, fluoride, iron and turbidity. It describes the testing methods and instruments used and health impacts of parameter levels outside acceptable limits. The goal is to assess water quality and safety for drinking.
New WAVE (Water Application Value Engine) modeling software from Dow integrates three leading technologies ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and ion exchange into one comprehensive tool.
Its robust range of features and powerful calculation engine let you model more efficiently and accurately, designing better performing multi-technology systems, faster.
Technologies under one common and user friendly interface Improved and consistent algorithms
Harmonized data for all products and processes
Powerful improvements for modeling efficiency. WAVE upgrades the best features of the Dow
ROSA, UFLOW, IXCALC and CADIX
programs, while bringing key technologies together in one common, user-friendly, time saving interface.
We has been dedicated in offering full set of water treatment solutions, such solutions can be called one-stop solutions which include system design, equipment manufacturing, project construction and after-sales service. What we can do have covered such areas as municipal tap water projects, drinkable pure water projects, industrial water projects, water-saving projects, sewage treatment engineering, constructed wetlands building, rivers & lakes governing projects and so on.
This document discusses a water purifier product from Kent. It begins by outlining the global issue of lack of access to safe drinking water. It then discusses the health issues caused by unsafe water and the need for water purification. The document provides details on the types of impurities in water and features of a good purifier. It describes Kent's purifier technology which uses a 4-step RO and UV process to remove impurities. Performance data shows high removal rates of contaminants. The document discusses the benefits of Kent's purifier and provides technical specifications and cost.
This document discusses various physical, chemical, and biological parameters used to assess water quality. It focuses on several key physical parameters including suspended solids, turbidity, color, taste and odor, and temperature. Suspended solids can be organic or inorganic in nature and provide sites for chemical absorption. Turbidity measures light scattering from suspended materials. Color in water can be from dissolved or suspended sources. Taste and odor are assessed through threshold tests. Temperature affects biological activity, gas solubility, and thermal pollution. The document also discusses total dissolved solids and how its measurement relates to electrical conductivity, as well as examples calculating solids content in wastewater.
Water pollution can originate from point sources like industries or non-point sources like agriculture. Pollutants are classified by their source, nature, concentration, and form. Water quality is assessed using physical, chemical, and biological parameters within standards set by organizations. Increased nutrients can cause eutrophication, lowering dissolved oxygen and harming aquatic life. Various pollutants like pathogens and toxins negatively impact ecosystems and human health. Control requires treatment, reducing runoff and discharges, reuse, and public education.
This document discusses water quality and defines potable water as water suitable for drinking and cooking purposes. It outlines two classes of drinking water - Class I water that comes from conventional treatment processes, and Class II water from protected sources that may be used for consumption according to guidelines. The document discusses physical, chemical and microbiological aspects of water quality monitoring as outlined in Uganda's drinking water standards. It provides details on turbidity, color, odor, taste, pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen, toxic substances, iron, manganese and organic nitrogen - explaining definitions, acceptable levels, and procedures for testing these water quality parameters.
Water pollution occurs when harmful substances enter water bodies, making the water unsuitable for uses like drinking or sustaining aquatic life. It can come from various point sources like industrial and domestic discharges, as well as non-point sources like surface runoff, carrying pollutants from agricultural lands, roads, and other areas. This contamination adversely impacts water quality by increasing turbidity, toxicity, and levels of nutrients, pathogens, and other pollutants. Effective treatment and management of sewage, industrial waste, and other sources of pollution are needed to control water pollution and protect water resources.
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Water sources and types are analyzed to understand water quality. There are two aspects of water analysis - physical and chemical. Physical analysis measures properties like taste, odor, color, turbidity, pH and total dissolved solids. Chemical analysis identifies substances like arsenic, lead, iron and chlorine. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium salts from temporary sources like bicarbonates or permanent sources like chlorides and sulfates. Understanding water sources and properties through analysis is important for determining potability and treatment needs.
Lecture 13 - types and characterization of waste waterDana Acap
This document discusses different types and characteristics of wastewater. It describes classifications of wastewater such as domestic, process, cooling, and industrial wastewaters. It then discusses physical characteristics of wastewater like temperature, color, odor, and types of solids. Next it covers chemical characteristics including pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, and nutrients. Finally, it discusses biological characteristics like pathogenic organisms, viruses, parasites, and major microbial groups found in wastewater.
The document discusses various water quality parameters including water pollution, water quality standards, and important requirements of water for domestic use. It defines total solids as the total of all solids in a water sample, including total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and volatile suspended solids. It also discusses how total solids are measured by weighing the solids present in a known water sample volume before and after drying to evaporate the water. The document provides classifications of impurities based on size and nature, and describes several common methods for analyzing water quality parameters.
Water is essential for life but requires treatment to remove contaminants and make it safe for human use. The document outlines various processes involved in water treatment including coagulation and flocculation to remove small particles, sedimentation to allow particles to settle, filtration to remove remaining particles, and disinfection to kill pathogens. It also discusses common contaminants found in water and standards for drinking water quality set by the EPA. The overall goal of water treatment is to provide a safe, clean water supply for public health.
Water is essential for life and covers most of the Earth's surface. It needs to be treated to remove contaminants that can harm human health or cause aesthetic issues. The main water treatment processes include filtration, disinfection, coagulation, and sedimentation to remove pathogens, chemicals, and particles. Proper treatment provides safe drinking water.
This document provides information about water treatment processes. It begins with some facts about waterborne diseases and the importance of access to safe drinking water. It then discusses various water sources and quality parameters that must be considered when selecting a source. Key water treatment processes are described, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and disinfection. Factors for selecting appropriate treatment processes depending on raw water quality are outlined. Recommended treatment methods for different types of impurities are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of common laboratory analysis methods for water quality parameters.
Water pollution and Marine pollution - for students.pptxMonalPatel21
Water pollution can occur when foreign substances make water unsuitable for use by altering its physical, chemical, or biological characteristics. It can be caused by sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and other sources. Effects include increased algal growth that reduces dissolved oxygen levels, contamination by toxic chemicals harmful to organisms and humans, and spread of waterborne diseases. Various treatment methods and regulations aim to control water pollution at its sources and minimize its impacts.
This document discusses water quality and its characteristics. It covers three main parameters: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical parameters include turbidity, color, taste, odor, and temperature. Common chemical characteristics are total dissolved solids, alkalinity, pH, hardness, and various minerals and elements. Biological characteristics refer to the presence of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Testing for biological indicators typically involves analyzing for coliform bacteria like E. coli. Maintaining high water quality is important for public health as waterborne diseases can spread through fecal-oral transmission if water is contaminated.
The document discusses key topics in environmental engineering related to water and waste water quality and treatment. It covers water quality standards including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. It also discusses sewerage system design, primary and secondary waste water treatment, and effluent discharge standards. Additionally, it covers air pollution sources and controls, as well as characteristics of municipal solid wastes including collection, transportation, and management through reuse, recycling, energy recovery, treatment, and disposal.
This document provides an outline for a course on water treatment. It discusses the target groups for the course, which are 3rd year water supply and environmental engineering students. It then outlines the various topics to be covered in the course, including preliminary treatment, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation, filtration, disinfection, and miscellaneous water treatment processes. The document provides context on water sources, quality parameters, uses of water, water pollution, waterborne diseases, and drinking water quality standards. It emphasizes the importance of water treatment in removing impurities to make water safe for drinking and other uses.
This document discusses various topics related to drinking water quality including:
1. Definitions of key terms like quality, potable water, and contaminated water.
2. Global water quantities and scarcity issues facing many regions of the world.
3. Water resources and consumption patterns in Pakistan, highlighting declining per capita availability and future shortages.
4. Common impurities found in drinking water and associated health impacts like bacteria, salts, heavy metals, and radiation.
5. Important water quality parameters including physical, chemical, biological, and radiological measures used to evaluate water safety.
The document discusses water quality characteristics including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Some key points:
- Physical characteristics include turbidity, color, taste, odor, and temperature. Turbidity is caused by suspended solids and affects water clarity.
- Common chemical characteristics are total solids, alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, oxygen demand, hardness, chloride, and fluoride. Alkalinity measures ability to neutralize acids.
- Biological characteristics include bacteria, viruses, algae, and protozoa. Some bacteria and protozoa can cause diseases if water is consumed.
- Water quality is important as pollution can make water unsuitable for uses like drinking. Standards exist to regulate
This document provides information on various methods for analyzing water quality parameters. It discusses the importance of measuring dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and bacteriological parameters like total coliform and fecal coliform. The principles, procedures, calculations, and sources of error for estimation of these parameters using standard methods are explained in detail. The document also discusses other water quality parameters like pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, color and their significance in assessing water quality for different uses. Standards for classification of inland surface waters according to the Central Pollution Control Board are also presented.
This document provides an overview of chapter two on basics of telecom networks. It covers topics such as telephone networks, computer networks, cable television, wireless networks, networking principles, network services, layered architecture, traffic characterization and quality of service, network elements, and network mechanisms. The document discusses telephone networks in detail including their development, basic systems of local loops and trunks, telephone numbering, an example call setup, and background on telephone networks. It also covers computer networks and their types including local area networks, wide area networks, and metropolitan area networks.
CHAPTER 3 (part 2) Earth Quake Load and procedure.pptxMamushLeta
This document provides an overview of earthquake load based on ES EN 1998-1:2014. It defines key terms like magnitude, intensity, and describes the main types of earthquakes. It explains how earthquakes can damage buildings through ground shaking, ground failure, tsunamis, and fire. It also discusses earthquake resistant structures, measurement of earthquakes, ground conditions, seismic action representation, zones, performance requirements, horizontal and vertical response spectra, and design ground displacement. The document is technical in nature and provides definitions and equations for earthquake analysis based on Eurocode standards.
This document discusses wind loads on structures. It begins by explaining that wind is moving air with mass and velocity that exerts kinetic energy. The intensity of wind load depends on wind velocity squared and the dimensions of resisting members. Wind velocity varies by location, structure height, terrain, and surroundings. Wind pressure depends on velocity, building shape/surface, terrain protection, and air density. Structures respond to wind loads through static deflection and dynamic vibration. Both external and internal wind pressures must be considered to calculate net pressure. Internal pressure depends on opening distribution. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating wind loads on buildings.
CHAPTER 3 (part 1) Wind Load and procedure.pptxMamushLeta
The document discusses wind loads and earthquake loads on structures according to Eurocode standards. It provides classifications of loads and an overview of wind loads, defining wind as moving air with mass and kinetic energy. Wind speeds are typically measured 10m above the ground. It describes modelling wind actions through peak velocity pressure, force coefficients, and a structural factor. Terrain categories, roughness factors, and orography factors are defined for calculating mean wind speeds at different heights. Pressure coefficients are used to determine wind pressures on external and internal surfaces. Structural response is assessed through wind forces calculated from surface pressures and force coefficients.
Plain sedimentation involves removing suspended solids from water through gravitational settling without the addition of chemicals. There are four types of particle settling regimes: discrete particle settling, flocculant settling, hindered settling, and compression settling. Discrete particle settling involves individual particles settling according to their size, shape, density and Stokes' Law. The design of sedimentation tanks considers factors such as flow velocity, tank capacity, inlet and outlet arrangements, and settling and sludge zones to facilitate effective particle removal.
This document discusses the water treatment process of coagulation and flocculation. It begins by defining coagulation as the addition of coagulants to destabilize particles, and flocculation as the gentle mixing to form settleable flocs. It then explains the chemistry and factors involved, including how coagulants work by neutralizing charges to allow particles to join together. Common coagulants discussed are alum, ferric salts, and polyelectrolytes. Optimal dosing is important and can be determined through jar testing. The goal of coagulation and flocculation is to remove turbidity, color and some bacteria from water through physical and chemical processes.
- Management involves planning, organizing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve goals. It can be both a science and an art.
- Construction management involves overseeing construction projects and tasks to deliver projects on time, within budget, and to a high quality. The project manager is responsible for coordinating all aspects of a construction project.
- Key functions of management include planning, organizing, implementing plans, and monitoring progress. Planning involves setting goals and determining how to achieve them. Organizing establishes the structure and responsibilities. Implementing executes the plans, while monitoring evaluates performance and makes corrections.
This document discusses various aspects of rail line design including track geometry, alignment, and cant. It defines key terms like plane section, longitudinal section, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and cant. It describes different types of tracks like straight tracks, circular curves, and transition curves. It explains how curve radius, superelevation (cant), cant transitions, and cant deficiency impact train speed and safety. Maximum speeds are determined based on factors like curve radius, cant, lateral acceleration limits, and vehicle specifications.
Chapter 1.2 Railway Track Gauge and Train Guidance.pptxMamushLeta
This document discusses track gauge, which is defined as the distance between the inner sides of rails, measured 14 mm below the running surface. Standard gauge is 1435 mm, while metric gauges include 1000 mm and 1067 mm. Gauge is important because variations can lead to derailment if too wide or flange climbing if too narrow. The theoretical gauge can change due to factors like rail wear. National standards may require gauge widening in small radius curves. Track gauge is measured manually or using recording cars.
The document summarizes the components and functions of railway track structures. It discusses rails, sleepers, and ballast. Rails guide the train and carry its load, distributing it across sleepers and ballast. Sleepers bear and distribute rail loads to ballast. Different types of sleepers include wood, concrete, steel, and specialized designs. Ballast distributes loads from sleepers to the subgrade. Track is designed to safely guide trains while withstanding vertical, lateral, and longitudinal loads from train traffic.
Railway stations serve several essential functions: handling passenger and freight traffic, receiving and departing trains, and performing technical operations like passing, overtaking, and crew changes. Stations are classified based on their technical operations and traffic volumes. Their distribution and location must consider transportation needs, topography, infrastructure connections, and accessibility. Proper station layout includes tracks, turnouts, platforms, buildings, and yards to efficiently manage passenger and freight movement.
This document discusses different irrigation methods including surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and includes basin, border, and furrow irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure through pipes and sprinklers. Drip irrigation applies water slowly directly to the soil through emitters. The choice of irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, slope, crop type, water availability, costs, and labor requirements. Surface irrigation is generally lower cost but less efficient while sprinkler and drip irrigation are more technical but can save water.
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2. Outline
Introduction to Water Quality
Water Quality Parameters
WQ Examination and Potable Water Standards
Preliminary Water Treatment Process
Sedimentation
Coagulation and Flocculation
Filtration
Softening
Disinfection
3. Introduction to Water Quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical,
biological, and bacteriological characteristics of water.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the
requirements of biotic species and or to any human
need.
It is not a simple thing to say
“that water is good” or
“that water is bad”
Scientific measurements are used to define water
quality.
4. Introduction to Water Quality
Determination of water quality is typically made
relative to the purpose of the water:
◦ is it for drinking?
◦ is it to wash a car?
◦ is it to mix a concrete?
◦ or for some other purpose?
Poor water quality can pose a health risk for people,
ecosystems.
Absolutely pure water is never found in nature and
contains number of impurities in varying amounts.
Normal
Rapid
hardening
Low heat
Composition: %
Lime 63.1 64.5 60
Silica 20.6 20.7 22.5
Alumina 6.3 5.2 5.2
Iron Oxide 3.6 2.9 4.6
5. Introduction to Water Quality
Before supplying to the public, raw water should be
treated and purified for the safety of:
◦ public health
◦ economy and
◦ protection of various industrial processes
The water work engineer has to thoroughly check,
analyze and do the treatment of the raw water
obtained from the sources, before its distribution.
The water supplied to the public should be strictly
according to the standards laid down from time to
time.
6. Introduction to Water Quality
Important requirements of water for domestic use:
1. Colorless and sparkling clear
2. Tasteless and free from odor
3. Reasonably soft (Ca2+
, Mg2+
4. Free from disease producing bacteria or organisms
5. Free from objectionable dissolved gases such as H2S
6. Have sufficient quantity of dissolved oxygen (DO)
7. Free from harmful salts
8. Free from objectionable minerals like Iron, Manganese, Lead,
Arsenic and other poisonous minerals
9. Reasonably free from phenolic compounds, Cl2, fluorides, iodine
10.Not lead to scale formation and should be non-corrosive
7. Introduction to Water Quality
Common impurities in water
Impurities in water are classified into three heads:
i. Suspended impurities
◦ Are those impurities which normally remains in
suspension
◦ They are microscopic and make water turbid
◦ Sources:
Living organisms: bacteria, algae, protozoa
Inorganic: clay, silt, sand
Organic: plant and animal particles, vegetable, industrial and
domestic by-products
8. Introduction to Water Quality
ii. Dissolved impurities
◦ Are not visible but they are large in quantity since
water is a good solvent.
◦ They cause bad taste, hardness, salinity and alkalinity.
◦ Sometimes they are harmful.
◦ Sources:
a. Salt
Ca and Mg: bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates and chlorides
Na: bicarbonates, carbonates, sulphates, chlorides, and fluorides
b. Metals and compounds: Iron oxide, Mn, Pb, As, Ba, Cd,
Cy, Br, Se, Nitrates
c. Vegetable dyes
d. Gases: O2, CO2, H2S
9. Introduction to Water Quality
iii. Colloidal impurities
◦ Are electrically charged impurities.
◦ Usually very small in size and remains in constant
motion and don’t settle.
◦ Sources:
Clay, amino acids, organic waste products, silica, Iron oxides,
manganese oxides
10. Introduction to Water Quality
Fig. 1: Size range of particles of concern in water treatment
12. Physical Parameters
Characteristics of water that respond to the sense of
sight, touch, or smell.
◦ Turbidity
◦ Color
◦ Taste and odor
◦ Temperature
13. Turbidity
is a measure of resistance of
water to the passage of light
through it.
is caused due to presence of
suspended and colloidal solids.
Sources (s):
i. Inorganic compounds: clay, silt,
sand
ii. Organic compounds: plant fiber,
human waste
14. Turbidity
The amount and character of turbidity depend upon:
◦ The type of soil (land use) over which the water has run
◦ Point source pollution and effluent
◦ Resuspension
◦ The velocity of the water (Groundwater is normally clear)
Can vary seasonally according to:
◦ biological activity in the water
◦ surface run-off
carrying soil particles
15. Turbidity
When the water becomes quite:
◦ the heavier and larger suspended particles settle quickly
◦ the lighter and more finely divided ones settle very
slowly
◦ very finely divided clay may require months of complete
quiescence for settlement
Low inorganic turbidity (silt and clay) may result in a
relatively high organic turbidity.
◦ low inorganic turbidity permits sunlight to penetrate
freely into the water and stimulates a heavier growth of
algae, photoplankton
16. Turbidity
Effects (s):
◦ Aesthetics
◦ Adsorption point/center for chemical and
micro-organism
◦ Health aspect
Turbidity is measured by:
1. Turbidity rod or Tape
2. Jacksons Turbid meter
3. Bali’s Turbid meter
measured photometrically by determining
the percentage of light of a given intensity
that is either absorbed or scattered.
test
tube
17. Turbidity
Turbidity is expressed as NTU (Nephelometric
Turbidity Units) or PPM (parts per million) or (mg/l).
Drinking water should not have turbidity more than 10
NTU.
The maximum times that samples may be held before
analysis --- 48 hrs
Turbidity test is useful to determine:
◦ the detention time in settling for raw water and
◦ the dosage of coagulants required
Sedimentation with or without chemical coagulation
and filtration are used to remove turbidity.
18. Color
is caused by materials in solution or colloidal
conditions.
should be distinguished from an apparent (not true)
color (which is due to turbidity).
True color is caused by dyes derived from
decomposing vegetation.
Colored water:
◦ is undesirable because of consumer objections
◦ may discolor clothing and adversely affect industrial
processes
19. Color
Before testing the color of water:
◦ total suspended solids should be removed by centrifugal
force in a special apparatus
The color produced by one milligram of platinum in a
liter of water has been fixed as the unit of color.
The permissible color for domestic water is 20 ppm on
platinum cobalt scale.
The maximum times that
samples may be held before
analysis --- 48 hrs
20. Temperature
Temperature increase may affect the potability of water
Temperature above 15°C is objectionable to drinking
water.
The maximum times that samples may be held before
analysis --- immediately after sampling
Effect (s):
i. disturb biological activities
ii. most chemical reactions that occur in natural water
systems
iii. has pronounced effect on the solubility of gases in water
21. Tastes and Odor
Substances that produce an odor in water will almost
in variably impart a taste as well.
The converse is not true, as there are many mineral
substances that produce taste but no odor.
Source (s):
i. Inorganic compounds: minerals, metals, salts
ii. Organic compound: petroleum and/or degradation of organic
matter
Inorganic substances are more likely to produce tastes
unaccompanied by odor.
Organic material is likely to produce both taste and
odor.
22. Tastes and Odor
Alkaline material imports a bitter taste to water
Metallic salts may give salty or bitter taste
A multitude of organic chemicals may cause taste &
odor problems
Biological decomposition of organics may also result in
taste and odor producing liquids and gases in water.
Effect(s):
i. aesthetic
ii. health problems
23. Chemical Parameters
Electrical conductivity
Total Solids
Alkalinity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Oxygen Demand (BOD, COD, TOC, TOD)
Nitrogen
Hardness
Chloride
Fluoride
Metals and other chemical substances
24. Total Solids
Forms of solids present in water:
Solids
Suspended solids
remain floating in
water
Dissolved solids
remain dissolved in
water
Colloidal solids
remaining either in
solution or in
suspension
Settleable solids
settles out, if water is
allowed to remain
undisturbed for a
period of 14 minutes
25. Total Solids
Determination of suspended solids are important as
pollutants and pathogens are carried on the surface of
particles.
The quantity of suspended solids is determined by:
◦ filtering the sample of water through fine filter (0.45m) …
(1m) , drying and weighing
Filter paper
26. Total Solids
The quantity of dissolved & colloidal solids is
determined by:
◦ evaporating the filtered water obtained from the suspended
solid test and weighing the residue …. (phase change)
The total solids in a water sample can be directly
determined by:
◦ evaporating the water (@105°C oven dry for 24 hrs) and
weighing the residue
oven
27. Total Solids
When the residue of total solids is fused in a muffle
furnace (@550°C for 1 hour … (15 – 20 min))
◦ the organic solids will decompose where as only inorganic
solids will remain
◦ the inorganic solids can be determined by weighing
Organic solids = total solids – inorganic solids
Effect (s):
◦ cause taste, colour and odour problems
◦ health aspect
◦ small amount of TDS – water becomes corrosive to attain
equilibrium
◦ high levels of TSS will increase
water temp & decrease DO levels
muffle furnace
28. Alkalinity
The quantity of ions in water to neutralize acid or a
measure of water strength to neutralize acid.
Main constituents are:
◦ carbonate (CO3
2-)
◦ bicarbonate (HCO3-)
◦ hydroxide (OH-)
Effects:
◦ Non-pleasant taste
◦ Reaction between alkaline constituent and cation (+ ion:
Ca2+
, Mg2+
, … ) produces precipitation in pipe
29. pH
is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ion
in water.
It expresses the molar concentration of the hydrogen
ion as its negative logarithm.
◦ pH = -log [H+]
pH + pOH = 14
In neutral solutions at equilibrium [OH] = [H]
◦ pH = pOH = 7
Low pH is associated with high acidity, high pH with
caustic alkalinity.
30. pH
The maximum times that samples may be held before
analysis --- immediately after sampling
pH is measured by using a pH meter
Effects:
◦ water treatment process
◦ a number of waste treatment processes (on the rate of microbial
growth)
◦ Corrosion
◦ pH below 6.5 metal corrosion
can become a problem
◦ pH above 8.5 (alkaline) scaling of
pipes may occur
31. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
What is Dissolved Oxygen?
◦ DO refers to the level of free, non-compound oxygen
present in water or other liquids.
◦ Non-compound oxygen, or free oxygen (O2), is
oxygen that is not bonded to any other element.
◦ DO is the presence of these free
O2 molecules within water.
◦ The bonded oxygen molecule in
water (H2O) is in a compound
and does not count toward
dissolved oxygen levels.
32. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
The oxygen content of natural waters varies with:
◦ Temperature (Inverse relation)
◦ Salinity (Inverse relation)
◦ Turbulence (water movement and mixing)
◦ Photosynthetic activity of algae and plants
◦ Respiration by aquatic plants and animals
◦ Atmospheric pressure
◦ Depth of water
In fresh-waters dissolved oxygen (DO) at sea level
ranges from 15 mg/l @ 0°C to 8 mg/l @ 25°C.
CO2 + H2O → (CH2O) + O2
33. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Oxygen saturated waters have pleasant taste.
• The presence of oxygen in the water in dissolved form
keeps it fresh.
• Drinking water is thus aerated if necessary to ensure
maximum DO.
Effects:
• waters lacking in DO have an insipid tastes
• more quantity of DO causes corrosion to the pipe
materials
34. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The DO content of water is generally determined by:
Winkler's method
◦ an oxidation-reduction process carried out chemically
to liberate iodine in amount equivalent to the quantity
of dissolved oxygen originally present.
DO meter
• The maximum times that samples
may be held before analysis ---
immediately after sampling
35. Oxygen Demand
Organic compounds are generally unstable to be
oxidized biologically or chemically to stable, relatively
inert end products such as CO2, H2O & NO3.
Indicators used for estimation of the oxygen
demanding substance in water are:
◦ BOD, COD, TOD and TOC
An indication of the organic content of water can be
detected by:
◦ measuring the amount of oxygen required for stabilization
36. Oxygen Demand
BOD is the quantity of oxygen required for the
biochemical oxidation of the decomposable organic
matter at specified temperature within specified time.
(20°C and 5 day).
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measurement of
the oxygen required to oxidize soluble and particulate
organic matter in water.
Bio-degradable Non
biodergradable
Inorganic
Organic
BOD
COD
37. Nitrogen
The forms most important to water quality include:
a. Organic – nitrogen: in the form of protein, amino acids
and urea
b. Ammonia – nitrogen: nitrogen as ammonium salts. eg.
(NH4).CO3
c. Nitrite- nitrogen: an intermediate oxidation stage. Not
normally present in large quantity.
d. Nitrate- nitrogen: final oxidation product of nitrogen.
e. Gaseous nitrogen (N2)
The presence of nitrogen compounds in surface waters
usually indicates pollution.
38. Nitrogen
Excessive amount of ammonia and organic nitrogen
may result from recent sewage discharges or runoff
contamination by relatively fresh pollution.
Effect (s):
◦ NO3
- poisoning human and animals babies (human below
6 month old) … blue baby syndrome
NO3
- > NO2
- (in acidic condition) – will substitute O2 in blood
vessel
◦ High nitrate levels in drinking water:
May increase cancer risks (nitrosamines/des) (Mirvish 1991)
Cause disruption of thyroid function
Cause birth defects
◦ Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants
39. Phosphorus
A mineral nutrient that is essential for all forms of life.
Exist in a form of “orthophosphate”, “condensed
phosphate”, and “organic phosphate”.
Source (s):
◦ readily present in soil (weathering of rocks)
◦ fertilizers
◦ human wastes (“organic phosphate”)
◦ domestic wastes (element in detergent)
Effects (s)
◦ algae breeding and aquatic plants
◦ > 0.2 mg/l – disturb coagulation
processes in WT plants
40. Hardness
Hard water is formed when water percolates through
deposits of calcium and magnesium containing
minerals such as limestone, chalk and dolomite.
Hardness is caused by:
◦ Measure of “multivalent” cations in
water such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn3+
◦ Ca2+ and Mg2+ are the major constituents
Hardness is defined as the concentrations of calcium
and magnesium ions expressed in terms of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3).
43. Hardness
A generally accepted classification of hardness is as
follows:
Generally a hardness of 100 to 150 mg/liter is desirable.
Water hardness more than 600mg/lit have to be
rejected for drinking purpose.
Soft < 50 (75) mg/1 as CaCO3
Moderately hard 50 (75) – 150 mg/1 as CaCO3
Hard 150 – 300 mg/1 as CaCO3
Very hard > 300 mg/1 as CaCO3
44. Hardness
Excess of hardness leads to the following effects:
i. Large soap consumption in washing and bathing
ii. Fabrics when washed become rough & strained with
precipitates.
iii. Is not fit for industrial use like textiles, paper making, dye and
ice-cream manufactures.
iv. It forms scales in the boiler tubes and reduces their efficiency
v. The precipitates clog the pores on the skin & makes the skin
rough
vi. Precipitates can choke pipe lines and valves
vii. Very hard water is not palatable
viii. May cause kidney stones are generally composed of calcium
salt and usually occur as calcium oxalate.
45. Chloride
Chlorides are widely distributed in nature as salts of
sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), and calcium (CaCl2).
Source (s):
◦ mines and sea dissolve sodium chloride
◦ mixing of saline water and sewage in the water
Effect (s):
◦ Excess of chlorides is dangerous and unfit for use
◦ When it is in excess of 250mg/l:
can give rise to detectable taste in water
adverse physiological effect
46. Fluoride
Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that protects
teeth from tooth decay.
Source (s):
◦ minerals
Effect (s):
◦ concen. of 1 mg/l is good for the growth of children teeth
◦ discoloration of teeth if it is taken in high concentration
◦ excessive concentration (> 5mg/l) – problem in bone
growth (bone fluorosis and other skeletal abnormalities)
discoloration of teeth
bone fluorosis
47. Metals - non toxic and toxic
Non – toxic: Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+
◦ dangerous for health if the concentration is high
Source (s):
◦ minerals, readily available from nature
Effect (s):
◦ color, odor, taste
◦ deteriorate health (at high concentration)
◦ discoloration of clothes during washing (Fe2+ & Mn2+)
◦ incrustation in water mains due to deposition of ferric
hydroxide and manganese oxide
48. Metals - non toxic and toxic
Toxic – As2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Pb2+, Hg2+
◦ stored up in food chain
Source (s):
◦ human activities such as mining and industries
Effect (s):
◦ dangerous disease such as cancer, abortion and deformation
in newborn baby
Arsenic, Selenium are poisonous, therefore they should
be removed totally.
50. Biological Characteristics
microorganism that bring diseases are called
“pathogen”.
Their quantities are very small compared to other
microorganisms.
The experiments to determine the presence of all
pathogens takes a long time and very expensive.
The presence of pathogenic microorganism is shown
by indicator microorganism
51. Biological Characteristics
Properties of indicator microorganism :
◦ Can be used for all types of water
◦ Always present when pathogen is present
◦ Always absent when pathogen is absent
◦ Easily experimented and give reliable results
Typical indicators used are coliform group
◦ Coliform group:
Fecal coliform e.g. E.Coli
Total coliform e.g. fecal coliform,
soil coliform and others
52. Algae
These are small, chlorophyll bearing generally one–
celled plants of varying shapes and sizes which live in
water.
When present in large numbers:
◦ may cause turbidity in water and an apparent color.
◦ cause trouble in water works by undue clogging of filters
◦ their most troublesome characteristics in the taste and
odor that they may cause.
53. Bacterium, Protozoa
Bacterium:
◦ Many are found in water.
◦ Some bacteria are indicator of pollution but are harmless;
other few in number are pathogenic.
◦ Bacterial-born diseases include: typhoid fever, cholera,
and bacterial dysentery
Protozoa:
◦ They are the lowest and simplest forms of animal life.
◦ Protozoa–born diseases include giardiasis and amebic
dysentery.
54. Examination of Water Quality
The purposes of analysis of raw water and purified
water:
◦ To classify the water with respect to general level of
mineral constituents
◦ To determine the degree of clarity
◦ To determine the chemical & bacteriological pollution of
water
◦ To determine the presence of an excess of any particular
constituent
◦ To determine the level of organic impurities
◦ To set the outlines of purification process and specify
various stages
◦ To ascertain whether purification of water has reached to
the required standards or not.
55. Examination of Water Quality
There are two aspects of water analysis that we need to
consider:
What substances or organisms are we interested in testing
for …. and why?
√ What procedures and equipment do we use to make the
measurements and … how do they work?
56. Water Quality Standard
Public water supplies are obliged to provide a supply
of wholesome water which is suitable and safe for
drinking purposes.
Water quality standards may be set regional, national,
or international bodies.
Guidelines for drinking water quality have
established by the World Health Organization (WHO)
as shown in the table below.
57. Water Quality Standard
Table 1: WHO guideline for drinking water quality
Parameter Unit Guideline value
Microbial quality
Fecal coli forms Number/ 100 ml Zero*
Coli form organisms Number /100 ml Zero*
Arsenic mg/1 0.05
Cadmium mg/1 0.005
Chromium mg/1 0.05
Cyanide mg/1 0.1
Fluoride mg/1 0.5 - 1.5(3)
Lead mg/1 0.05
Mercury mg/1 0.001
Nitrate (as nitrogen) mg/1 10
Selenium mg/1 0.01
Magnesium mg/l 30
58. Water Quality Standard
Parameter Unit Guideline value
Calcium mg/l 75
Aluminum mg/1 0.03
Chloride mg/1 250
Color True color unit 5(15)
Copper mg/1 1
Hardness mg/1(as CaCO3) 300
Iron mg/1 0.3(3)
Manganese mg/1 0.3
pH ---- 6.5 - 8.5
Sodium mg/1 200
Total dissolved solids mg/1 500
Sulfate mg/1 250
Taste and odor ---- Non objectionable
Turbidity NTU 5(10)
Zinc mg/1 5
Alkalinity mg/l 300
59. Sources of Water Pollution
Domestic Sewage
Industrial Wastes
Catchment Area
◦ agricultural activities and extensive use of fertilizers and
insecticides are main factors
Distribution System
◦ If there are cracks in pipes or if joints are leaky, the flowing
water gets contaminated by the surrounding substances
Oily Wastes
Radioactive Wastes
Travel of Water
60. Question
1. Explain the general characteristics of the following water
sources in terms of impurities/wqp.
i. Pure water-salts
ii. Rainwater-gases,radioactivefall out,vapours,particulate.
iii. Surface runoff water-
nitrate,phosphate,biocides,particulate,organic matter
iv. River water-organic water,waste water,particulates.
v. Lake and reservoir water-algae,odours,tastes
vi. Groundwater-carbonate,chloride,iron manganese.
2. Explain the effects of impoundment on water quality.
3. Explain the effects of storage and direct sunlight on water
bottles made of PET (polyethylene terephthalate).