The document discusses the chemical composition of living organisms. It states that organisms are made up primarily of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. Organic compounds in organisms contain carbon and include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Lipids include fats, oils and phospholipids. Inorganic compounds like water, oxygen and minerals are also important components of organisms.
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
Buffer is a mixture of weak acid and salt of conjugate base that resist the change in pH upon the addition of acid or base. BUFFER + H+ H+ BUFFER.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL BUFFER 1. Bicarbonate Buffer 2. Phosphate Buffer 3.Protein Buffer 4. Haemoglobin
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
The importance of carbon
The importance of water
The importance of selectively permeable membranes
The importance of synthesis by polymerization of small
molecules
5. The importance of self-assembly
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Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level. It emerged as a distinct discipline around the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, physiology, and biology to investigate the chemistry of living systems.
Similar to Chap 1 chemical_composition_of_the_cell (20)
2. ELEMENTS IN THE CELL
There are about 92 element occurring naturally in nature.
From these 92 element, only about 25 element are needed to
build living organisms.
Not all these element found in all living cell.
Main elements (CHON) are the most frequently found
elements in cells, forming about 96% of the human body
mass.
Trace-elements are the elements are found in small quantity
in cells, but are important in biological processes.
3. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL
ORGANIC INORGANIC
• Chemical compounds contain • Chemical compounds that do not
carbon (exception are carbon contain carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, • Usually a smaller and simpler
carbides and carbonates which are than organic compounds
typically considered as inorganic) • Founds in cells water, acids,
• Are usually found in and originate alkalis and mineral salts
from living organism.
• Usually consist of
macromolecules (large
molecules)
4. There are 4 main group of organic
compounds in cells
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
5. CARBOHYDRATES
The carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in a
molecule usually 2:1.
Many carbohydrates have the general formula CX(H2O)Y,
where x is approximately equal to y.
Three basic types of carbohydrates are monosaccharide,
disaccharides and polysaccharides
6. Monosaccharide's
Monosaccharide also called simple sugar
The common monosaccharide are six-carbon sugar
Examples of monosaccharide are glucose, fructose (fruit
sugar) and galactose
Glucose is the most common monosaccharide
Monosaccharide are sweet-tasting crystalline substances
which are soluble in water
7. Disaccharides
Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide molecules
combining together with the elements of a molecule of water. The
chemical reaction of the formation is known as condensation.
Disaccharides also called double sugar.
Disaccharides can be broken down to their constituent
monosaccharide by a chemical reaction involving the addition of
water. The reaction is know as hydrolysis.
Like monosaccharide, they are sweet-tasting crystalline substances
that are soluble in water.
The most common disaccharides are maltose, lactose and sucrose.
8. Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharide molecules join together in a
condensation reaction (with the removal of water molecules)
to form a large polysaccharides molecules.
Polymerisation is the process of condensing many individual
monosaccharide molecules to form a large polysaccharides
molecules.
In polymerisation, the individual monosaccharide molecule
are called monomers.
Polymerisation of monosaccharide forms:
Glycogen – in humans and animals
Starch and cellulose – in plants
9. Condensation
+ + H2 O
Hydrolysis
C12H22O11 water
C6H12O6 C6H12O6
sucrose
glucose fructose
Starch structure
10. glucose
glycogen
•Sub unit: Glucose
•Molecules with many side branches
•Major storage of carbohydrates in animals and fungi, for
examples, in muscle cells and liver cells
11. glucose
cellulose
Straight unbranched chain of glucose units
Plant cell wall
12. Proteins
Proteins are compounds of these element: carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen sulphur and phosphorus.
Amino acids are the subunits of all proteins.
Each amino acids carries two functional group:
A carboxyl group (- COOH) which is acidic and
An amino group (-NH2) which is basic.
13. Types of Proteins
Two amino acids can combine together to form a dipeptide
by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of
one and the amino group of the other. The resulting a bond
linking the two amino acids that is called a peptide bond.
Long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides.
A polypeptide is formed by the condensation reaction of
many amino acids, with the removal of water.
A polypeptide chain can also be hydrolysed, with the
addition of water molecules to form individual amino
acids.
14. H2O O h
Peptide bond
cooh Hn c n
condensation
C C c c
NH2 hooc
h nh2 hooc
15. LIPIDS
Lipids a diverse group of substance that contain carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen, but in different proportions to
carbohydrate's.
All lipids are insoluble in water
Lipids dissolve readily in other lipids and in organic solvent
such as ether and ethanol.
The main types of lipids are:
Fats, energy-storing molecule
Oils, energy-storing molecule
Phospholipids, an important component of the cell membrane
Steroids, act as hormones and vitamins
16. Vitamins
Organic molecules that are required for normal functioning.
Animals are able to synthesise some vitamins but most are
sourced from diet
Vitamins are either water or lipid soluble
Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body
Lipid soluble vitamins can be stored
Vitamins are essential for enzyme development
17. Nucleic Acids
Is genetic material, it codes what makes up an organism
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, DNA, codes our genes
Ribonucleic acid, RNA, is DNA that has been transcribed.
18. Inorganic Compounds
Water, where life evolved and reactions take place
Oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0.033%)
Nitrogen (78%) a key component of proteins
Minerals such as calcium and potassium
The skeletal structure contains 99% of the bodies calcium, the
phosphate salts in calcium provide the mechanical rigidity bones
need to bear loads.
