The document summarizes the key components of a microscope. It is divided into optical components and non-optical components. The optical components include the light source, condensers, objectives, eyepiece, and body tube, which allow light to pass through. The non-optical components do not allow light to pass through and include the stage and base. Objectives form real images, and there are different types including achromates and fluorites. Eyepieces further magnify the image formed by the objectives for viewing.

1. THE COMPONENTS OF A
MICROSCOPE
Saleha Murtaza
MLT-2nd Year

2. The microscope have two types of components
 Optical Components
 Non-optical components

3. OPTICAL COMPONENTS
Are the components through
which light can pass through.
 Light source
 Condensers
 Objectives
 Eye Piece
 Body Tube

4. Non-optical Components :
Are the components through which light
can not pass through.
 Stage
 Base
 Coarse and Fine adjustments
 Revolving Nose

6. LIGHT SOURCE:
Two types of lenses are used:
 Oil Lamps
 Low Voltage Electric Lamps
 In ancient times sun light was the basic
light source
These lamps operate via transformer and can be adjusted
to the intensity required.

7. CONDENSER:
As light from the lamp is stray out and is
in horizontal path so
 Main purpose of condenser is to focus or
concentrate the light into the plan of the
object
 With in the limits the more the light at the
specimen the more will be the resolution
power.
 Condensers are provided with adjusting
screws for centering the light path.

8.  APERTURE DIAPHRAGM
a part of condenser which control the
diameter of light beam.
<aperture______increse contrast
>aperture______decrease contrast

9. CONDENSER

10. OBJECT STAGE:
 Above the condenser is the object stage
which is a rigid platform with an aperture
through which the light cam pass.
 It supports the glass slide and grip it with
clips.
 It can be moved vertically and hrizontally
to view the slide from each n every side.

11. STAGE

12. OBJECTIVES:
 9 to 15 pieces of elements are present in
OL.
 Forms real image

13. Types:
 Four types of objective lenses are used
 A-chromates
 Apo-chromates
 Plane chromates
 Fluorites

14. A-chromates
 Most commonly used
 Chromatic aberrations are corrected.
 Focuses blue and red light on the point of
focus.

15. Apo-chromates:
 Highly corrected and the most expensive
lenses.
 No spherical and chromatic aberrations.
 Made up of a variety of elements and
minerals.

16. Plane chromates:
 No spherical aberrations.
 Plane of view field is perfectly flat from
edges.
 Suitable for photomicrography.

17. Fluorites:
 No spherical aberrations.
 Subtle differences in specimen colour are
present.

18. Numerical Aperture:
NA=n*sin u
 n----> refractive index of medium
between OL and Ray R
 Sin u----> angle between principle axis
and outer most ray.
 Un-obtainable condition is when Sin 90
when refractive index will be 1.

19. NOSEPIECE:
Objectives are screwed in a revolving
nosepiece through which they are
changeable .

20. Body tube:
Three types are available
 Mononuclear
 Binocular
 Combined photo binocular

21. MONONOCULER BINOCULER CMBINED PHOTOBINOCULER

22. Eyepiece:
 Magnifies the image formed by the OL
within the body tube.
 Present eye with Virtual image.
 Eyepiece with high focal lengths are
formed for the people using spectacles.