This document discusses chemical reactions in Chapter 10. It covers different types of chemical reactions like exothermic, endothermic, addition, decomposition, displacement, and precipitation reactions. It explains activation energy and how energy flows in reactions. Nuclear reactions are also discussed as changing the nucleus of an atom. The last section explores how hot and cold packs use chemical reactions to produce heat or cold.

2. Matter and Change
• Chapter Nine: Acids, Bases and Solutions
• Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions
• Chapter Eleven: The Chemistry of Living Things

3. Chapter Ten: Chemical Reactions
• 10.1 Understanding Chemical Reactions
• 10.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions

4. Investigation 10B
• How do scientists describe what happens
in a chemical reaction?
Conservation of Mass

5. 10.2 Energy and chemical reactions
• All chemical reactions
involve energy.
– Burning is a chemical
reaction that gives off energy
in the form of heat and light.
– In plants, photosynthesis is a
reaction that uses energy
from sunlight.

6. 10.2 Types of energy in reactions
• If forming new bonds releases more energy than
it takes to break the old bonds, the reaction is
exothermic.
• Exothermic reactions tend to keep going
because each reaction releases enough energy
to start the reaction in neighboring molecules.
How can the energy from an exothermic reaction be useful?

8. 10.2 Types of energy in reactions
• Endothermic reactions absorb energy.
• These reactions need energy to keep going.
Where does the energy needed for this reaction come from?

9. 10.2 Activation energy
• Activation energy is the energy needed to start a
reaction and break chemical bonds in the
reactants.
– This is why a flammable material, like gasoline, does
not burn without a spark or flame.
– The spark supplies the activation energy to start the
reaction.

10. 10.2 Activation energy
• This diagram shows how the energy flows
in the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen.

11. 10.2 Addition reactions
• In an addition
reaction, two or more
substances combine
to form a new
compound.
• The process of
creating large
molecules from small
ones is called
polymerization.

12. 10.2 Decomposition reactions
• A chemical reaction in which a single compound
is broken down to produce two or more smaller
compounds is called a decomposition reaction.

13. 10.2 Reaction symbols
• The small symbols in
the parentheses (s, l,
g, aq) next to each
chemical formula
indicate the phase of
each substance in the
reaction.

14. 10.2 Displacement reactions
• In single-displacement reactions, one element
replaces a similar element in a compound.

15. 10.2 Precipitation reactions
• A precipitate is a new
solid product that comes
out of solution in a
chemical reaction.
• The formation of a cloudy
precipitate is evidence
that a double-
displacement reaction
has occurred.

16. 10.2 Precipitation
• The limewater test for carbon dioxide is a
precipitation reaction.

17. 10.2 Petroleum refining
• The refining process separates petroleum
into molecules with different numbers of
carbon atoms.

18. 10.2 Petroleum refining
• These are some of the molecules found in
gasoline.

19. 10.2 Combustion reactions
• In a perfect reaction, all the hydrocarbon
molecules are completely burned to into
carbon dioxide and water.
• In an engine not all the fuel burns
completely and pollutants such as carbon
monoxide are also formed.

20. 10.2 Nuclear reactions
• Nuclear reactions
change the nucleus of
an atom.
• Because they affect
the nucleus itself,
nuclear reactions can
change one element
into a different
element.

22. Chemistry Connection
The Science of Hot and Cold Packs
Have you ever used a hot
or cold pack?
Although it’s seem like
magic, it’s really a mini
chemistry lab inside that
plastic wrapper.

23. Activity
• Most hot and cold
packs work by
breaking a membrane
that separates a solid
and water.
Explore Hot and Cold Packs