Ch11 evolutionsection3
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This document summarizes chapters 11 and 12 from an evolution textbook. Chapter 11 discusses evidence for evolution, how evolution works through natural selection, and how mutations contribute to genetic variation in populations and can lead to extinction if environmental changes outpace a species' adaptations. It provides examples of how random mutations produce trait variations and the dodo bird's extinction due to human impact.
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Ch11 evolutionsection2
Charles Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens during a five-year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle. His observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which had beak shapes adapted to the local foods, helped lead him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin concluded that evolution occurs gradually over long periods of time as organisms adapt to their environments, with traits that increase survival and reproduction being passed on to offspring. He published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Ch11 evolution section 1
This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution, including adaptations, comparative anatomy, DNA analysis, and the fossil record. It explains that evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time from a common ancestor in a branching pattern. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures between species. DNA analysis shows closer relatedness between species with more similar base sequences. The fossil record shows organisms in older rock layers are less similar to present-day forms than those in newer layers.
23 the evolution of populations
This document provides an overview and key concepts from a lecture on the evolution of populations from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses how natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations to drive microevolution over generations. The three main mechanisms that can alter allele frequencies in a population and lead to evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently results in adaptive evolution. The lecture also examines examples of natural selection in Darwin's finches and provides explanations of genetic drift, the founder effect, and the bottleneck effect.
Biology - Chp 16 - Evolution Of Populations - Powerpoint
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Types of evolution notes
There are three main types of evolution:
1. Coevolution occurs when two species evolve together due to their close relationship, such as flowers and pollinating insects.
2. Divergent evolution happens when species with a common ancestor become more different and evolve into separate species, often in different environments like the finches of the Galapagos Islands.
3. Convergent evolution is when species with different ancestors evolve similar traits for the same environment, like dolphins and fish developing flippers for swimming.
Visualizing Evolution
This talk describes the history of biodiversity and evolution visualizations and the current capabilities. It discusses the visualization needs of the research and education communities. It was presented at Bentley University during the MetroWest Boston Data Visualization Meetup in August of 2013.
Ecological speciation
This document discusses ecological speciation, which is when divergent natural selection between different environments leads to reproductive barriers between populations. Ecological speciation can occur in allopatry, sympatry, or parapatry. Parallel speciation is a form of ecological speciation where reproductive isolation repeatedly evolves between independent populations adapting to contrasting environments. The key difference between ecological speciation and other types is that it is triggered by divergent selection between habitats, rather than processes like genetic drift or sexual selection.
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the origin of new species through evolution. The two main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated geographically, like squirrels separated by the Grand Canyon. Sympatric speciation can happen without geographic barriers through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out different speciation scenarios in short skits.
Recommended
Ch11 evolutionsection2
Charles Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens during a five-year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle. His observations of finches on the Galapagos Islands, which had beak shapes adapted to the local foods, helped lead him to develop his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin concluded that evolution occurs gradually over long periods of time as organisms adapt to their environments, with traits that increase survival and reproduction being passed on to offspring. He published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859.
Ch11 evolution section 1
This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution, including adaptations, comparative anatomy, DNA analysis, and the fossil record. It explains that evolution is the process by which organisms acquire adaptations over time from a common ancestor in a branching pattern. Comparative anatomy reveals homologous and analogous structures between species. DNA analysis shows closer relatedness between species with more similar base sequences. The fossil record shows organisms in older rock layers are less similar to present-day forms than those in newer layers.
23 the evolution of populations
This document provides an overview and key concepts from a lecture on the evolution of populations from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses how natural selection acts on genetic variation within populations to drive microevolution over generations. The three main mechanisms that can alter allele frequencies in a population and lead to evolutionary change are natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently results in adaptive evolution. The lecture also examines examples of natural selection in Darwin's finches and provides explanations of genetic drift, the founder effect, and the bottleneck effect.
Biology - Chp 16 - Evolution Of Populations - Powerpoint
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on evolution of populations, including:
1) Genetic variation arises from mutations and genetic shuffling during sexual reproduction, providing raw materials for natural selection.
2) Natural selection can lead to changes in allele frequencies over generations, resulting in evolutionary adaptation.
3) Reproductive isolation of populations through mechanisms like geographic barriers can lead to the formation of new species over long periods of time, as seen with Darwin's finches in the Galapagos Islands.
Types of evolution notes
There are three main types of evolution:
1. Coevolution occurs when two species evolve together due to their close relationship, such as flowers and pollinating insects.
2. Divergent evolution happens when species with a common ancestor become more different and evolve into separate species, often in different environments like the finches of the Galapagos Islands.
3. Convergent evolution is when species with different ancestors evolve similar traits for the same environment, like dolphins and fish developing flippers for swimming.
Visualizing Evolution
This talk describes the history of biodiversity and evolution visualizations and the current capabilities. It discusses the visualization needs of the research and education communities. It was presented at Bentley University during the MetroWest Boston Data Visualization Meetup in August of 2013.
Ecological speciation
This document discusses ecological speciation, which is when divergent natural selection between different environments leads to reproductive barriers between populations. Ecological speciation can occur in allopatry, sympatry, or parapatry. Parallel speciation is a form of ecological speciation where reproductive isolation repeatedly evolves between independent populations adapting to contrasting environments. The key difference between ecological speciation and other types is that it is triggered by divergent selection between habitats, rather than processes like genetic drift or sexual selection.
Notes speciation
This document discusses speciation and the different types. It defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Speciation is the origin of new species through evolution. The two main types of speciation discussed are allopatric and sympatric. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is separated geographically, like squirrels separated by the Grand Canyon. Sympatric speciation can happen without geographic barriers through habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, or polyploidy. The document concludes with an activity where students will act out different speciation scenarios in short skits.
Speciation
Speciation is the process by which new species develop from existing species. It occurs when populations become geographically isolated, experience genetic drift through chance changes in gene frequencies, or undergo variations through natural selection. For example, genetic drift can cause gene variants to disappear and reduce genetic variation in a population. While evolution has led to more complex body designs over time, it is not a linear process of progress but rather the production of diverse life forms shaped by their environments.
Evolution
Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The evidence for evolution includes fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy across species, and molecular comparisons showing closer genetic relatedness between more closely related organisms. Disruptions to genetic equilibrium such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection can drive evolutionary changes within populations over many generations.
Ap Chapter 24 The Origin Of Species
The document discusses microevolution versus macroevolution and the process of speciation. Speciation occurs at the boundary between microevolution within a population and macroevolution leading to new taxonomic groups like species. There are different concepts of what defines a species and barriers that can lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species, either when populations are separated geographically (allopatric speciation) or within overlapping populations (sympatric speciation). Evidence suggests speciation may occur gradually over long periods, as proposed by Darwin, or in punctuated bursts alternating with long periods of stasis, as proposed by Gould.
Modern Biology Chapter 16 (JOSHUA)
This document provides an overview of speciation and the formation of new species. It discusses genetic equilibrium in populations and the factors that can disrupt it, such as mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection. When isolated populations experience disruptions to genetic equilibrium over long periods of time, reproductive barriers can form, leading to the emergence of new species. The document outlines various mechanisms of speciation, including geographic isolation of populations, and provides examples of speciation observed in Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands.
Speciation
This presentation is uploaded by Mahar Tanvir ul Hassan Tibbi Tarhana Samandry Faisalabad Pakistan. I am enrolled in University of Sargodha in MSc Zoology.
Evolution and adaptation
Evolution occurs over many generations as organisms adapt to changing environments through natural selection. The fossil record provides evidence of how ancient organisms differed from modern ones and how life has changed over time. Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and DNA evidence all support the theory of evolution by indicating shared ancestry among groups of organisms.
Speciation and Evolution
Describes and analyzes speciation, including the processes of adaptive change, adaptive radiation, phyletic gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium
Unit 3 Notes
The document discusses several key topics related to biodiversity and evolution:
- It estimates that there are 10 million species on Earth, demonstrating high biodiversity.
- It defines evolution as genetic changes in a population over generations, and describes microevolution within populations and macroevolution leading to new species.
- The main mechanisms driving microevolution are natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and genetic drift.
- Speciation occurs when one species evolves into two or more reproductively isolated species, increasing biodiversity, and can happen in isolation (allopatric) or without isolation (sympatric).
Chapter22
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that all species are descended from common ancestors and have changed over time through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. This challenged traditional religious views of fixed, unchanging species. Darwin's theory explains the diversity of life, as well as observations like anatomical homologies between species and the evolution of traits like pesticide resistance. It launched a revolution in biology and remains influential today.
Ecological speciation - kashmeera
Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves between populations as a result of divergent natural selection due to environmental differences. There are three main components required - a source of divergent selection between environments, a form of reproductive isolation that evolves, and a genetic mechanism linking the two. Divergent selection can arise from differences in habitat, resources, or mate preferences between populations. Reproductive isolation may take the form of pre-mating barriers like habitat isolation or sexual isolation, or post-mating barriers like reduced hybrid fitness. The genetic link can be through direct selection on pleiotropic genes or indirect selection via linkage disequilibrium between selected and isolation genes. Examples discussed include stickleback fish and monkeyflowers
Evolution
Speciation occurs through geographic or reproductive isolation of populations which allows them to evolve independently. There are two patterns of speciation - anagenesis, where a single lineage gradually transforms into a new species, and cladogenesis, where a parent species branches off into one or more new species. Geographic isolation most commonly occurs when a physical barrier divides a population, exposing each group to different selective pressures. Over time, this can lead to the formation of new species through divergent evolution as the isolated groups become increasingly different from one another.
24 originofspecies text
This document summarizes a chapter about the origin of species from a biology textbook. It discusses key concepts in evolutionary theory including speciation, the biological species concept, reproductive isolation, allopatric and sympatric speciation mechanisms, and examples of speciation through polyploidy and habitat/sexual selection. The chapter also covers limitations of the biological species concept and alternative definitions of a species.
Patterns of Evolution
The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
Speciation
This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
Mechanisms of-speciation
This document summarizes mechanisms of speciation, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population splits into two geographically isolated populations, which then evolve independently. Examples include species found on different Galapagos Islands. Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of new species from a single ancestral species occupying the same geographic location, often involving different host plant dependencies. The best example is cichlid fish in African Rift Valley lakes. Budding speciation is proposed as a form of sympatric speciation where small groups become progressively isolated through inbreeding.
Evolution
The document summarizes key concepts related to evolution including:
1. Evolution occurs as genetic changes in a population over time lead to changes in traits and gene frequencies. Equilibrium is when a population's gene pool is stable.
2. Natural selection drives evolution when heritable traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population. Variation, reproductive competition, and heritability are required.
3. Isolation, including geographic, ecological, behavioral and reproductive barriers, can lead to genetic changes and speciation as populations diverge independently.
4. Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures, the fossil record, molecular and genetic similarities, geographic distribution patterns, and examples of artificial and natural selection
Biology 16 3 the process of speciation[1]
The document discusses the process of speciation, which is the formation of new species. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other through various mechanisms, including behavioral isolation when mating songs or rituals differ, geographic isolation by physical barriers, and temporal isolation by reproducing at different times. Speciation of Galapagos finches in particular involved the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, genetic changes in the new population, and reproductive isolation through ecological competition.
Microevolution
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that cause evolution at the population level, including mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection. It provides examples of each, such as Darwin's finches to illustrate natural selection and cheetahs to demonstrate the bottleneck effect of genetic drift. The document seeks to explain how populations evolve over time through changes in allele frequencies from these various evolutionary forces.
B2.8 speciation
Speciation is the formation of new biological species. The document provides three key points about speciation and its relationship to natural selection:
1. Speciation can occur when a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups. Over time, each group evolves differently through genetic variation and natural selection, resulting in reproductively isolated species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows organisms changing over time and new species arising as others become extinct.
3. Natural selection plays a role in speciation when environmental changes cause isolated populations to evolve adaptations better suited to their local conditions, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species over prolonged periods of separation.
Species and speciation
This document discusses species and speciation. It covers four major evolutionary forces and reviews natural selection. It defines species concepts, including the morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. The biological species concept defines species as groups that can interbreed. The phylogenetic concept defines them as exclusive monophyletic groups. Speciation involves isolation, divergence, and secondary contact without gene flow. Isolating mechanisms like temporal, spatial, and behavioral barriers can lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of new species over time through processes like adaptive radiation.
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Speciation
Speciation is the process by which new species develop from existing species. It occurs when populations become geographically isolated, experience genetic drift through chance changes in gene frequencies, or undergo variations through natural selection. For example, genetic drift can cause gene variants to disappear and reduce genetic variation in a population. While evolution has led to more complex body designs over time, it is not a linear process of progress but rather the production of diverse life forms shaped by their environments.
Evolution
Evolution occurs through natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The evidence for evolution includes fossils showing gradual changes over time, similarities in anatomy across species, and molecular comparisons showing closer genetic relatedness between more closely related organisms. Disruptions to genetic equilibrium such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection can drive evolutionary changes within populations over many generations.
Ap Chapter 24 The Origin Of Species
The document discusses microevolution versus macroevolution and the process of speciation. Speciation occurs at the boundary between microevolution within a population and macroevolution leading to new taxonomic groups like species. There are different concepts of what defines a species and barriers that can lead to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species, either when populations are separated geographically (allopatric speciation) or within overlapping populations (sympatric speciation). Evidence suggests speciation may occur gradually over long periods, as proposed by Darwin, or in punctuated bursts alternating with long periods of stasis, as proposed by Gould.
Modern Biology Chapter 16 (JOSHUA)
This document provides an overview of speciation and the formation of new species. It discusses genetic equilibrium in populations and the factors that can disrupt it, such as mutation, migration, genetic drift and natural selection. When isolated populations experience disruptions to genetic equilibrium over long periods of time, reproductive barriers can form, leading to the emergence of new species. The document outlines various mechanisms of speciation, including geographic isolation of populations, and provides examples of speciation observed in Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands.
Speciation
This presentation is uploaded by Mahar Tanvir ul Hassan Tibbi Tarhana Samandry Faisalabad Pakistan. I am enrolled in University of Sargodha in MSc Zoology.
Evolution and adaptation
Evolution occurs over many generations as organisms adapt to changing environments through natural selection. The fossil record provides evidence of how ancient organisms differed from modern ones and how life has changed over time. Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and DNA evidence all support the theory of evolution by indicating shared ancestry among groups of organisms.
Speciation and Evolution
Describes and analyzes speciation, including the processes of adaptive change, adaptive radiation, phyletic gradualism, and punctuated equilibrium
Unit 3 Notes
The document discusses several key topics related to biodiversity and evolution:
- It estimates that there are 10 million species on Earth, demonstrating high biodiversity.
- It defines evolution as genetic changes in a population over generations, and describes microevolution within populations and macroevolution leading to new species.
- The main mechanisms driving microevolution are natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, and genetic drift.
- Speciation occurs when one species evolves into two or more reproductively isolated species, increasing biodiversity, and can happen in isolation (allopatric) or without isolation (sympatric).
Chapter22
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, introducing his theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed that all species are descended from common ancestors and have changed over time through natural selection acting on inherited variation between individuals. This challenged traditional religious views of fixed, unchanging species. Darwin's theory explains the diversity of life, as well as observations like anatomical homologies between species and the evolution of traits like pesticide resistance. It launched a revolution in biology and remains influential today.
Ecological speciation - kashmeera
Ecological speciation occurs when reproductive isolation evolves between populations as a result of divergent natural selection due to environmental differences. There are three main components required - a source of divergent selection between environments, a form of reproductive isolation that evolves, and a genetic mechanism linking the two. Divergent selection can arise from differences in habitat, resources, or mate preferences between populations. Reproductive isolation may take the form of pre-mating barriers like habitat isolation or sexual isolation, or post-mating barriers like reduced hybrid fitness. The genetic link can be through direct selection on pleiotropic genes or indirect selection via linkage disequilibrium between selected and isolation genes. Examples discussed include stickleback fish and monkeyflowers
Evolution
Speciation occurs through geographic or reproductive isolation of populations which allows them to evolve independently. There are two patterns of speciation - anagenesis, where a single lineage gradually transforms into a new species, and cladogenesis, where a parent species branches off into one or more new species. Geographic isolation most commonly occurs when a physical barrier divides a population, exposing each group to different selective pressures. Over time, this can lead to the formation of new species through divergent evolution as the isolated groups become increasingly different from one another.
24 originofspecies text
This document summarizes a chapter about the origin of species from a biology textbook. It discusses key concepts in evolutionary theory including speciation, the biological species concept, reproductive isolation, allopatric and sympatric speciation mechanisms, and examples of speciation through polyploidy and habitat/sexual selection. The chapter also covers limitations of the biological species concept and alternative definitions of a species.
Patterns of Evolution
The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
Speciation
This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
Mechanisms of-speciation
This document summarizes mechanisms of speciation, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation occurs when a population splits into two geographically isolated populations, which then evolve independently. Examples include species found on different Galapagos Islands. Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of new species from a single ancestral species occupying the same geographic location, often involving different host plant dependencies. The best example is cichlid fish in African Rift Valley lakes. Budding speciation is proposed as a form of sympatric speciation where small groups become progressively isolated through inbreeding.
Evolution
The document summarizes key concepts related to evolution including:
1. Evolution occurs as genetic changes in a population over time lead to changes in traits and gene frequencies. Equilibrium is when a population's gene pool is stable.
2. Natural selection drives evolution when heritable traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population. Variation, reproductive competition, and heritability are required.
3. Isolation, including geographic, ecological, behavioral and reproductive barriers, can lead to genetic changes and speciation as populations diverge independently.
4. Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures, the fossil record, molecular and genetic similarities, geographic distribution patterns, and examples of artificial and natural selection
Biology 16 3 the process of speciation[1]
The document discusses the process of speciation, which is the formation of new species. Speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from each other through various mechanisms, including behavioral isolation when mating songs or rituals differ, geographic isolation by physical barriers, and temporal isolation by reproducing at different times. Speciation of Galapagos finches in particular involved the founding of a new population, geographic isolation, genetic changes in the new population, and reproductive isolation through ecological competition.
Microevolution
This document discusses microevolution and the processes that cause evolution at the population level, including mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mating, and natural selection. It provides examples of each, such as Darwin's finches to illustrate natural selection and cheetahs to demonstrate the bottleneck effect of genetic drift. The document seeks to explain how populations evolve over time through changes in allele frequencies from these various evolutionary forces.
B2.8 speciation
Speciation is the formation of new biological species. The document provides three key points about speciation and its relationship to natural selection:
1. Speciation can occur when a single population becomes separated into two isolated groups. Over time, each group evolves differently through genetic variation and natural selection, resulting in reproductively isolated species.
2. Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, which shows organisms changing over time and new species arising as others become extinct.
3. Natural selection plays a role in speciation when environmental changes cause isolated populations to evolve adaptations better suited to their local conditions, leading to reproductive isolation and the formation of new species over prolonged periods of separation.
Species and speciation
This document discusses species and speciation. It covers four major evolutionary forces and reviews natural selection. It defines species concepts, including the morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. The biological species concept defines species as groups that can interbreed. The phylogenetic concept defines them as exclusive monophyletic groups. Speciation involves isolation, divergence, and secondary contact without gene flow. Isolating mechanisms like temporal, spatial, and behavioral barriers can lead to reproductive isolation and the emergence of new species over time through processes like adaptive radiation.
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h. Membukukan mutasi dan selisih dana kas kecil
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- 2. Evolution and Change • Chapter Eleven: Evolution • Chapter Twelve: Earth and Life History
- 3. Chapter Eleven: Evolution • 11.1 Evidence for Evolution • 11.2 How Evolution Works • 11.3 Natural Selection
- 4. Investigation 11B • How does evolution work? Natural Selection
- 5. 11.3 Mutations • Since Darwin’s time, there has been a growing body of knowledge about heredity. • Today, scientists know that variations in the population of a species are caused by random mutations in genes. • Random mutations in genes produce variations of traits in a population.
- 6. 11.3 The importance of genetic variation • Some mutations are harmful because they cause genetic disorders. • Mutations may also be helpful because they contribute to genetic variation. • Genetic variation refers to the variety of alleles in a population.
- 9. 11.3 Extinction • Extinction occurs when the environment changes and the adaptations of a species are no longer sufficient for its survival.
- 10. 11.3 Extinction • The dodo bird is an example of how human impact may contribute to extinction. • The dodo was first sighted around 1600 on Mauritius, an island in the Indian Ocean. • The dodo was extinct less than eighty years after its discovery.
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