Ch05 Sensation & Perception
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The document discusses the visual system and visual perception as well as other sensory systems. It describes how vision works through the eye's ability to accommodate focus, the role of the retina's rods and cones in detecting light and color, and how visual information is transmitted through the optic nerve. It also explains several principles of visual perception like constancy and Gestalt laws of grouping. The document further examines audition, gustation, olfaction, touch, and pain as well as the structures and processes involved in these other sensory systems.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system, including:
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This document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes four types of sensations - superficial, deep, visceral, and special. It then provides details on the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, and other senses. Specifically, it outlines the locations and functions of mechanoreceptors like Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel endings, as well as nociceptors that detect pain. It also compares the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and spinothalamic tract, noting their roles in transmitting different sensory signals to the cortex.
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1. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord and acts as the integration and command center. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to effector organs and is divided into afferent and efferent divisions.
2. The brain is organized into specialized regions that control functions like sensory processing, motor control, language, memory, and homeostasis. Key regions include the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem.
3. The CNS is protected by meninges, cerebro
Limbic system
The limbic system is a ring of structures located deep within the brain that are involved in emotion, motivation, learning, and memory. It includes structures like the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cingulate gyrus. The limbic system regulates emotional responses, controls certain autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate, influences reward and punishment behaviors, and plays a role in forming memories and social cognition. Dysfunctions of the limbic system are implicated in various neurological and psychiatric conditions like epilepsy, dementia, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
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The insular cortex is located at the center of the cerebral hemisphere. It is involved in interoceptive awareness, motor control, homeostasis, social emotions, emotions, self-awareness, perception, and cognitive functioning. Several studies examined the insular cortex's role in emotions. One study found that providing specific feedback about insular cortex activation allowed participants to voluntarily control activity in emotionally important brain systems. Another study found that desires are evaluated in brain regions including the insula. Damage to the insular cortex can cause immunosuppression, apathy, and loss of libido.
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The human nervous system has two main parts - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves that connect to sensory organs and muscles. The brain controls voluntary actions that we are aware of, while involuntary actions are controlled automatically. Humans detect stimuli through five sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin. The eye detects light and allows sight, while the ear detects sound to allow hearing. The nose contains olfactory receptors that detect smells, and the tongue contains taste buds to detect the five basic tastes. The skin contains various receptors that detect touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.
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The document provides information about coordination and the nervous system. It discusses:
- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord which are linked to sense organs by nerves.
- Neurons transmit electrical signals called impulses throughout the nervous system to coordinate responses.
- A reflex is an automatic response that involves a reflex arc with sensory, inter, and motor neurons without brain involvement.
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senses - Bio Psy.pptx
This document summarizes key aspects of vision and audition. For vision, it describes the pupil, lens, accommodation process, binocular disparity, retina layers, phototransduction, rod and cone cells, primary and secondary visual cortex areas, and disorders like prosopagnosia and akinetopsia. For audition, it outlines the outer, middle and inner ear structures, cochlear function, auditory pathways and processing, and analysis of the auditory system. It also briefly discusses somatosensory systems including cutaneous receptors, skin morphology, cutaneous senses, somatosensory pathways, and pain receptors and modulation.
The world through our sense
The document discusses the various sensory organs in the human body and how they detect stimuli from the environment. It describes the skin as the sensory organ for touch, and explains how receptors in the skin detect different stimuli like temperature, pain, and pressure. It also discusses the nose and how olfactory receptors detect smells, as well as the tongue and how taste buds detect the four basic tastes of salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. The ear is described as the sensory organ for hearing, with explanations of how sound waves travel through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the brain. The eye is also summarized, with descriptions of its different parts and how light is focused onto the retina to produce nerve impulses for vision.
2 sense organ and their function the eyes
1. Living organisms have sense organs that detect stimuli from the environment through different senses like touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight.
2. The skin detects touch, pressure, heat and cold. The nose detects smell. The ear detects sound. The eye observes by seeing and the tongue detects taste.
3. Each sense is associated with a specific sense organ and stimuli. For example, the eye detects light, the ear detects sound, and the tongue detects chemicals that provide taste.
Sensory organs
The document discusses the human sensory systems. It describes the different sensory systems including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and somatic senses. It provides classifications of sensory receptors by function, location, and structure. It also provides details on specific sensory systems such as the eye, ear, and skin receptors. The eye is described in terms of its layers, internal structures, visual pathway, and role in vision. The ear is described as having three main regions for hearing and balance.
CHAPTER 1_F3-stimuli and responses .pptx
The document summarizes the structure and function of several sensory organs in the human body:
- The nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary actions while the peripheral system transmits sensory information.
- The eye contains light-sensitive cells that detect light and color. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, triggering nerve impulses sent to the brain to form an image.
- The ear detects sound vibrations that travel through the outer, middle and inner ear before nerve impulses are sent to the brain. The cochlea converts vibrations to impulses.
- Smell and taste receptors detect chemicals that
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Ch05 Sensation & Perception
- 1. Sensation & Perception ➔ The Visual System ➔ Visual Perception ➔ Other Sensory Systems
- 6. 6 • SENSATION: activation of the sensory organs by physical stimulation • TRANSDUCTION: physical energy is changed into neural impulses and sent to the brain • PERCEPTION: organizing & interpreting sensory info, transforming it into meaningful objects and events
- 7. VISION 7
- 8. 8 VISION
- 9. • Hold the image like this: • Cover your left eye with your hand. • Focus your right eye on the cross. • Move the piece of paper backwards and forwards until the dot disappears. Blind Spot Demonstration!
- 10. 10 ACCOMMODATION: changing the shape of the lens to bend light rays
- 11. VISION
- 12. 12 CELLS IN THE RETINA
- 13. 13 TRANSDUCTION: 1. Light hits the photoreceptors 2. Message transmitted to the bipolar cell 3. Message transmitted to the ganglion cell 4. Message is sent to the brain Ganglion Cell Bipolar Cell Photoreceptor Back of the eye Light
- 15. PHOTORECEPTORS 15 RODS •120 million per eye •Low light •No color detection •Peripheral CONES •7 million per eye •Bright Light •Detect color •Visual acuity •Central
- 16. 16
- 17. Diagram of the neural pathway from the eyes to the corresponding regions in the brain to perceive sensory input
- 19. Diagram depicting the primary sensory areas of the human brain
- 20. COLOR VISION • TRICHROMATIC THEORY: – Three types of cones (S, M, L) – Sensitive to different wavelengths of light
- 21. COLOR VISION
- 22. COLOR VISION • OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY: – Some cells respond to opposing pairs of colors – Excited by one color in the pair but inhibited the other color
- 23. COLOR VISION
- 24. Sensation & Perception ➔ The Visual System ➔ Visual Perception ➔ Other Sensory Systems
- 25. 25 GESTALT PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. – Whole = perceptions – Parts = sensations Three Basic Observations 1. We do not always perceive the truth. 2. Perceptions are organized . 3. Perceptions are contextualized.
- 26. 1. WE DO NOT ALWAYS PERCEIVE THE TRUTH.
- 27. Undokai Illusion Zollner Illusion
- 28. 28
- 29. 29 2. PERCEPTIONS ARE ORGANIZED
- 30. 30 3. PERCEPTIONS ARE CONTEXTUALIZED.
- 31. 31 SIZE CONSTANCY: the perceived size of an object remains the same even though the size of its retinal image changes
- 32. 32 SHAPE CONSTANCY: if an object rotates, you still perceive it as maintaining the same shape
- 33. 33 SHAPE CONSTANCY: if an object rotates, you still perceive it as maintaining the same shape
- 34. 34 COLOR CONSTANCY: we perceive objects as having consistent covers even when reflecting different wavelengths of light
- 35. 35 COUNT THE BLACK CIRCLES
- 36. 36 GESTALT LAWS OF GROUPING 1. SIMPLICITY: we group things to give us the simplest interpretation Law of Pragnanz
- 37. 37 GESTALT LAWS OF GROUPING 2. PROXIMITY: things that are close together seem to go together.
- 38. 38 GESTALT LAWS OF GROUPING 3. SIMILARITY: we group like shapes together.
- 39. 39 GESTALT LAWS OF GROUPING 4. GOOD CONTINUATION: we view things as forming continuous patterns
- 40. 40 GESTALT LAWS OF GROUPING 5. CLOSURE: when presented with something incomplete, your brain makes it complete
- 41. 41 Our perception depends on what we are looking for.
- 42. Our perception depends on what we are looking for.
- 43. 43 Our perception depends on what we are looking for.
- 44. Sensation & Perception ➔ The Visual System ➔ Visual Perception ➔ Other Sensory Systems
- 45. AUDITION
- 46. HOW THE EAR WORKS THE OUTER EAR • PINNA: the external part of the ear, collects and funnels sound into the ear canal • TYMPANIC MEMBRANE: vibrates in response to sound waves
- 48. HOW THE EAR WORKS THE MIDDLE EAR • OSSICLES: tiny bones that vibrate in reaction to sound waves from the auditory canal • OVAL WINDOW: a membrane which covers the inner ear
- 49. HOW THE EAR WORKS THE INNER EAR COCHLEA: inner-ear structure; contains the receptor cells for hearing HAIR CELLS: receptor cells for hearing, line the basilar membrane
- 52. PITCH PERCEPTION • TEMPORAL CODING: the firing rates hair cells match the frequency of the sound wave – Low frequency sounds • PLACE CODING: the frequency of the sound wave activates hair cells at different locations in the cochlea – High frequency sounds
- 53. Diagram of an unrolled cochlea and the different regions that handle different frequencies
- 54. GUSTATION
- 55. GUSTATION
- 56. GUSTATION
- 57. OLFACTION
- 58. OLFACTION
- 59. TOUCH & PAIN
- 60. TOUCH & PAIN
- 61. TOUCH & PAIN • GATE CONTROL THEORY – Pain opens a neural “gate” opens allowing pain signals to be carried to the brain – Larger sensory nerve fibers can fire and close the gate, preventing pain perception
- 62. TOUCH & PAIN • Closing the pain gate: – Drug treatments (ibuprofen, acetaminophen, Novocain, anesthetics) – Cognitive states (distraction, positive mood, relaxation) can close the pain gate. • Opening the pain gate: – Worry about the pain – Focusing on the painful stimulus