1. The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the basic cells of the nervous system including neurons and glial cells.
2. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has three components - cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
3. The brain is also described in detail including its major structures and lobes as well as supporting systems like the meninges and ventricular system. Common brain imaging techniques are also outlined.
Addiction is an old enemy of mankind. Here in this presentation, it is discussed how substances having abuse potential causes temporary and permanent changes to neuronal circuits in our brain.
THIS REFER BY THE ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY BOOK (SIX EDITION)
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Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
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Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
Addiction is an old enemy of mankind. Here in this presentation, it is discussed how substances having abuse potential causes temporary and permanent changes to neuronal circuits in our brain.
THIS REFER BY THE ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY BOOK (SIX EDITION)
HELLO!
I AM MEET DESAI.
STUDENT OF A PHYSIOTHERAPY.
THIS IS MY COLLEGE PROJECT . I'M SHARING TO STUDENT LIKE ME..
THIS AVAILABLE MY LINK LIKE..https://www.linkedin.com/in/meet-desai-18296b178
THANK YOU SO MACH .TO SEE
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System P...Shaista Jabeen
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Introduction to nervous system, Divisions of Nervous System, Nervous System Physiology
Introduction to nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
Nervous System Physiology
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Short Notes
ppt pdf
Nervous system
Master controller and communicating system in the body
Every thought, action and emotion reflects its activity.
It signals the body through electrical impulses that communicate with the body cells.
Its signaling and responding abilities are highly specific and rapid.
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an easy introduction of nervous system. Detail theoretical information purposefully avoided. At the beginning of medical course, also biology student need to know about nervous system. Within short time this presentation give a simple overview of NS.
There is also the quoricity about the human brain, here is the solution. This presentation give you the knowledge about the nervous system. The introduction about the neurons, neurolgia, synapse,etc.
1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
Diagram:
Structure:
The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
Cerebellum (little brain): is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions
The cerebral cortex has many folds, called the gyrus (plural: "gyri") and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci)
Deep structure of Brain:
Hypothalamus: is located in the floor of the third ventricle and
Overview of the Nervous System and Its DivisionsAyeshaNoor775174
This presentation provides a thorough exploration of the nervous system, encompassing its central and peripheral divisions, along with detailed insights into its functional components and clinical implications. Topics covered include the structure of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), the anatomy of cranial and spinal nerves, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, as well as clinical considerations such as dermatomes, muscle innervation, and modifications of autonomic activities.
An educational presentation on basics of neuroanatomy.
it define the scientific terminologies and various cells of nervous tissue. structure and function of all nervous tissue is explained. action potential generation is graphically represented.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
2. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
NEURONS:
• Basic info-processing unit of
the nervous systems
GLIAL CELLS:
• Support the neurons
3. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neuron Structure
1. DENDRITES: receive info
1. CELL BODY: integrates inputs
1. AXON: takes info to its destination
1. AXON TERMINAL: passes info onward
4. • AXON HILLOCK:
– where cell body meets axon
– converts inputs into electrical signals that travels the axon
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
5. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neurons have different functions:
1. MOTOR NEURONS: stimulate
muscles (EFFERENT)
1. SENSORY NEURONS: respond
to physical stimuli (AFFERENT)
1. INTERNEURONS: receive input
from and send input to other
neurons
7. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Neurons have different shapes
1. MULTIPOLAR NEURONS: one
axon, many dendrites
1. BIPOLAR NEURONS: one
axon, one dendrite
1. UNIPOLAR NEURONS: a single
branch forms an input & an
output zone
10. SYNAPSE: junction between two
neurons
1. PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
axon terminal of the sending
neuron
2. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE:
dendrite of the receiving
neuron
3. SYNAPTIC CLEFT: tiny gap
between neurons
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
11. • NEUROTRANSMITTER (NT):
chemical messengers released
into the synaptic cleft
• SYNAPTIC VESICLES: contain NT
• NEUROTRANSMITTER
RECEPTORS: proteins that react
to NT
• DENDRITIC SPINES: stud on
the dendrite surface
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
14. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
• AXONAL TRANSPORT: two-way movement of materials within an
axon
15.
16. Figure 2.5 Glial Cells (Part 1)
CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Types of Glial Cells
MYELIN: layer of fatty insulation
surrounding axons
• OLIGODENDROCYTES: in the
CNS
• SCHWANN CELLS: in the PNS
• NODES OF RANVIER: gaps
between sections of myelin
17. CELLS THAT MAKE UP THE NS
Types of Glial Cells
• ASTROCYTES: stretch
between neurons and
blood vessels; form the
blood-brain barrier
• MICROGLIAL CELLS:
remove debris from
injured cells
18. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
21. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
GROSS NEUROANATOMY: features of
the nervous system visible to the
naked eye
– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS): encased in bone; brain
and spinal cord
– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS): everything else
22. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
CNS PNS
A bundle of
axons
Tract Nerve
A cluster of cell
bodies
Nucleus Ganglion
23. • The PNS has three components:
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
1. CRANIAL NERVES:
connected to the brain
24. • The PNS has three components:
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
2. SPINAL NERVES: connected
to the spinal cord
25. • The PNS has three components:
3. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM: controls
glands and internal organs
THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
26. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
1. SYMPATHETIC: prepares
the body for immediate
action
“Fight-or-Flight”
27. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION:
helps the body relax, recuperate,
& prepare for future action
“REST-&-DIGEST”
“BREED-&-FEED”
28. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
29. THE NS THROUGHOUT THE BODY
GROSS NEUROANATOMY: features
of the nervous system visible to
the naked eye
– CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(CNS): encased in bone; brain
and spinal cord
– PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS): everything else
31. • CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE: one
half of the outer forebrain
• CEREBRAL CORTEX: outer
covering of the hemispheres
• GYRUS: ridge
• SULCUS: groove, AKA fissure
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
32. Figure 2.10 The Human Brain Has
Four Distinct Lobes
• FRONTAL
• PARIETAL
• OCCIPITAL
• TEMPORAL
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
33. Figure 2.11 Gray Matter, White Matter
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
CORPUS CALLOSUM: bundle of
axons that connects the
hemispheres
Colors of Brain Tissue
• WHITE MATTER
• GRAY MATTER
34. BASAL GANGLIA:
• group of nuclei deep within
the cortex
• important in motor control
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
35. LIMBIC SYSTEM:
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
● AMYGDALA: emotion & odor
● HIPPOCAMPUS & FORNIX:
learning & memory
● CINGULATE GYRUS:
attention
● OLFACTORY BULB: sense of
smell
36. LIMBIC SYSTEM:
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Forebrain
● THALAMUS: relays sensory
information
● HYPOTHALAMUS: motivated
behavior, hormone release
38. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Midbrain
TECTUM: midbrain sensory
systems:
● SUPERIOR COLLICULI:
visual info
● INFERIOR COLLICULI:
auditory info
39. Midbrain motor systems:
• SUBSTANTIA NIGRA: part
of the basal ganglia
Other midbrain systems:
• RETICULAR FORMATION:
sleep, temperature,
movement
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Midbrain
41. ● CEREBELLUM: motor
coordination & learning
BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Hindbrain
● PONS: sensory & motor
nuclei
● MEDULLA: connects brain
to spinal cord; essential
tasks
42. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
43. BRAIN SUPPORT SYSTEMS
MENINGES: protective membranes surrounding the CNS
• DURA MATER: outer layer
• PIA MATER: inner layer
• ARACHNOID MATER: middle layer; filled with cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF)
44. VENTRICULAR SYSTEM: chambers filled with CSF
• LATERAL VENTRICLE: extends into all four lobes in each hemisphere;
lined with CHOROID PLEXUS, a membrane that produces CSF
• THIRD VENTRICLE:
located at the midline
• FOURTH VENTRICLE:
CSF exits to circulate
over the brain and
spinal cord
BRAIN SUPPORT SYSTEMS
46. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
48. BRAIN-IMAGING
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI):
• Strong magnets cause protons
in brain tissue to line up in
parallel
• A pulse of radio waves knocks
protons over
• Protons reconfigure themselves,
emitting radio waves that differ
by tissue density
49. BRAIN-IMAGING
FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI):
• Detects small changes in brain
metabolism, such as oxygen use, in
active brain areas
• fMRI can show how networks of
brain structures collaborate
53. Ch01: Structure &
Function
➔1.1 Cells in the NS
➔1.2 The NS Throughout the Body
➔1.3 Brain Structure & Function
➔1.4 Brain Support Systems
➔1.5 Brain Imaging
➔1.6 Research Methods
56. POSITIVE CORRELATION:
the variables move in the
same direction
↑↑
or
↓↓
↓↑
or
↓↑
57
NEGATIVE CORRELATION:
the variables move in
opposite directions
59. EXPERIMENT:
the researcher manipulates one variable
and measures changes in another variable
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
• Manipulated
• Used to create groups
• The CAUSE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
• Measured
• The outcome
• The EFFECT
60
65. RESEARCH METHODS IN
BIO PSYCH
WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN:
• each participant is tested at all levels
of the IV
• each group is made up of the same
participants
BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN:
• participants are tested at only one
level of the IV
• each group is made up of different
participants
66
66. BIO PSYCH RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
1. Systematic descriptions of behavior
2. Evolution
3. Life-span development
4. Biological mechanisms
5. Applications
67