Antipsychiatry Movement arose as a zeitgeist of the 1960s anti-establishment movements. It has in a way contributed to the development of psychiatry by pointing out its short comings.
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
in first few slide we have tried to explain briefly about psychotherapy and its type,later we have explained about the microbiological basis of psychotherapy
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Culture bound syndrome, culture related specific disorders, culture specific disorders/ syndromes, exotic psychiatric syndromes or Rare atypical unclassifiable disorders.
in first few slide we have tried to explain briefly about psychotherapy and its type,later we have explained about the microbiological basis of psychotherapy
Anti psychiatry is like feedback for psychiatry that motivate for continue improvement in psychiatry. Everyone knows what is psychiatry, here is what is anti psychiatry. It helps to keep treatment standard and inward facilities up. Mainly opposing restrain against patients denial for treatment.
Mental Health Policy - The History of Mental Health Policy in the United StatesDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture that covers the history of mental health policy in the United States over the 20th and into the 21st century. The community mental health movement, begun in the 1960s under the Kennedy administration, is especially highlighted.
Historical perspectives and trends of mental health nursingMonika Kanwar
Mental Health Nursing, also called psychiatric nursing, is among the newest of the recognized fields within the nursing profession. Mental Health Nursing focuses on those patients who have mental distresses. Psychiatric nursing is a speciality that has changed throughout history and has drastically changed through time.
CLASSROOM RESOURCES (HTTPS://WWW.LEARNER.ORG/CLASSROOM-RESOURCES/) > DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY:
UPDATED EDITION (HTTPS://WWW.LEARNER.ORG/SERIES/DISCOVERING-PSYCHOLOGY/) > 0. EXPLORATIONS
(HTTPS://WWW.LEARNER.ORG/SERIES/DISCOVERING-PSYCHOLOGY/EXPLORATIONS/) > 0.1 HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY:
TIMELINE
History of Psychology: Timeline
Contemporary Foundations
Discovering Psychology: Updated Edition
1879
First psychology laboratory
Wilhelm Wundt opens first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University
of Leipzig, Germany. Credited with establishing psychology as an academic
discipline, Wundt’s students include Emil Kraepelin, James McKeen Cattell, and G.
Stanley Hall.
1883
First American psychology laboratory
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 1 of 24
G. Stanley Hall, a student of Wilhelm Wundt, establishes first U.S. experimental
psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
1886
First doctorate in psychology
The first doctorate in psychology is given to Joseph Jastrow, a student of G.
Stanley Hall at Johns Hopkins University. Jastrow later becomes professor of
psychology at the University of Wisconsin and serves as president of the
American Psychological Association in 1900.
1888
First professor of psychology
The academic title “professor of psychology” is given to James McKeen Cattell in
1888, the first use of this designation in the United States. A student of Wilhelm
Wundt’s, Cattell serves as professor of psychology at University of Pennsylvania
and Columbia University.
1892
APA founded
G. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association (APA) and serves
as its first president. He later establishes two key journals in the field: American
Journal of Psychology (1887) and Journal of Applied Psychology (1917).
4/24/21, 6:46 AM
Page 2 of 24
1896
Functionalism
Functionalism, an early school of psychology, focuses on the acts and functions
of the mind rather than its internal contents. Its most prominent American
advocates are William James and John Dewey, whose 1896 article “The Reflex
Arc Concept in Psychology” promotes functionalism.
Psychoanalysis
The founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, introduces the term in a scholarly
paper. Freud’s psychoanalytic approach asserts that people are motivated by
powerful, unconscious drives and conflicts. He develops an influential therapy
based on this assertion, using free association and dream analysis.
Structuralism
Edward B. Titchener, a leading proponent of structuralism, publishes his Outline
of Psychology. Structuralism is the view that all mental experience can be
understood as a combination of simple elements or events. This approach
focuses on the contents of the mind, contrasting with functionalism.
1896
First psychology clinic
After heading a laboratory at University of Pennsylvania, Lightner Witmer opens
world’s first psychological clinic to patients, shifting his focus from experimental
work to practical application of his findings.
1900
Interpretation of Dreams
...
The health system of the West is very unhealthy. This slide show interrogates the ways in which Health has been colonised, commodified and turned into a consumer industry in the capitalist world. It contrasts this model with pre-capitalist, indigenous models of health and suggests ways in which we might learn from these and work to improve out own system.
This slide show and others of a similar nature can be viewed and downloaded from my website at www.tonywardedu.com
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Antipsychiatry movement
1. Dr Madhur Basnet, MD(Psychiatry)
B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan,
Nepal
2. Objectives
Definitions: Psychiatry, antipsychiatry.
Historical evolution of antipsychiatry movement.
Prominent leaders/proponents of the
antipsychiatry movement and their views.
Antipsychiatry and psychiatry
Pros and cons of antipsychiatry movement.
Take home message.
2
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
3. To define antipsychiatry and antipsychiatry
movement.
To know about the historical evolution of
antipsychiatry movement.
To know about the pros and cons of antipsychiatry
movement.
To know about the current status of the
antipsychiatry movement.
3
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
4. Coined by Johann Christian Reil,
German physician and anatomist in
1808
Greek
Psyche: Mind/ soul/butterfly.
Iatry: To treat
4ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
Johann Christian Reil
5. Coined by: David Cooper (1967)*
A set of criticisms of psychiatry,understood as a medical specialty
centered on hospital practice (Cooper 1967)
More comprehensively, antipsychiatry was a social
movement that questioned not only the legal privilege of
psychiatrists to detain and treat individuals with mental
disorders, especially in a compulsory manner, but also
the increasing “medicalization” of madness.
Questioned the very existence of mental illness itself.
*David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry, Paladin, London, 1967
5
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
7. Conrad and Schneider : deviance designations in
different historical periods*
Deviance as sin
Deviance as crime
Deviance as sickness
7ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
*Conrad, Peter; Schneider, Joseph (1992). Deviance and medicalization: from badness
to sickness. Temple University Press. pp. 36.
Vienna’s Narrenturm- 1784
8. Various 19th century critiques of the newly
emerging field of psychiatry overlap thematically
with 20th century anti-psychiatry.*
e.g. their questioning of the medicalisation of
"madness".
Occurred at a time when physicians had not yet
achieved hegemony through psychiatry,
however, and so there was not such a single
unified force to be "anti-”.*
* Nick Crossley R. D. Laing and the British anti-psychiatry movement: a socio–historical analysis
Social Science & Medicine Volume 47, Issue 7, 1 October 1998, Pages 877-889
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 8
9. The Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society arose in
England in the mid-19th century to challenge the
system and campaign for rights and reforms-
July 7, 1845.
In the United States, Elizabeth Packard (1868)
published a series of books and pamphlets
describing her experiences in the Illinois insane
asylum to which her husband had had her
committed.*
*N Hervey (1986) Advocacy or folly: the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, 1845-63. Med Hist. 1986
July; 30(3): 245–275.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 9
10. As psychiatry became more professionally established
during the nineteenth century and developed allegedly
more invasive treatments, opposition increased.*
Clifford W. Beers- A Mind that Found
Itself(1908),campaigned to improve the plight of
individuals receiving public psychiatric care -> founded
the National Committee for Mental Hygiene -> the
National Mental Health Association.**
*Kleinman, Arthur (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal
Experience. Collier Macmillan. ISBN 0029174422.
**Dain, N. (1989)
Critics and dissenters: Reflections on anti-psychiatry in the United States Journal of
the History of the Behavioral Sciences Volume 25 Issue 1, Pages 3 - 25
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 10
11. Introduction and widespread use of several
controversial medical practices including
inducing seizures (by electroshock,
insulin shock therapy or other drugs) or cutting
parts of the brain apart (leucotomy or lobotomy)
from the 1930s -> more widespread concern
and opposition.*
*Whitaker, Robert (2004). Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the
Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill. Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0799-3
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 11
12. In 1950s-Introduction of antipsychotics like
chlorpromazine with various side effects.
Opposition of Psychiatry by a right wing anti-
mental health movement seeing it as left-wing,
anti-American or pro-Communist;
Widespread fears that it threatened individual
rights and undermined moral responsibility.
Opposition by behaviorists- Hans Eysenck, and
clinical psychologists.*
*Mark S. Micale, Roy Porter (1994) Discovering the History of Psychiatry Oxford University Press
US, 1994 ISBN 0195077393
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 12
13. Term “anti-psychiatry” coined by David Cooper
in 1967
Movement that vocally challenged the fundamental
claims and practices of mainstream psychiatry.
Took on a national and international character,
with access to the mass media and
incorporating a wide mixture of grassroots
activist organizations and prestigious
professional bodies.*
* Mark S. Micale, Roy Porter (1994) Discovering the History of Psychiatry Oxford University Press US, 1994
ISBN 0195077393
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 13
14. David Cooper (South Africa)
Ronald D. Laing (Britain)
Michael Foucault (France)
Franco Basaglia (Italy)
Erving Goffman (USA)
Thomas Szasz (USA)
Aaron Esterson (UK)
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 14
15. South African Britain based psychiatrist.
Coined the term antipsychiatry in 1967.
Was a Marxist and viewed mental illnesses as a
product of influence of oppressive society over an
individual.
Believed that madness and psychosis are the
manifestation of a disparity between one's own
'true' identity and our social identity.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 15
16. Psychoanalyst.
The most influential figure of British antipsychiatry
movement.
Based his theories in Humanistic Psychology-
freedom & subjectivity over determinism.
Schizophrenia – response or adaptation of
sensitive individuals to mad world.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 16
17. Schizophrenia- “a gifted & creative state
of consciousness that took over sanity & could
produce superior human beings.”*
“Psychiatrosis”- new type of mental d/o.
Laing, with Cooper founded
the Philadelphia Association in 1965, set up over
20 therapeutic communities including
Kingsley Hall, where staff and residents
theoretically assumed equal status and any
medication used was voluntary.
* Laing RD (1967) The Politics of Experience. Penguin, London
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 17
18. Comments:
o No place for the suffering & disability created by the
disorder to the pt. and the surrounding.
o Failure of the therapeutic communities that he
claimed to cure the malady.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 18
19. American psychoanalyst.
Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry at the State
University of New York Health Science Center in
Syracuse, New York.
Social critic of the moral and scientific foundations
of psychiatry, and of the social control aims of
medicine in modern society.
Author of The Myth of Mental Illness (1960) and
The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative
Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health
Movement (1970).
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
19
20. Libertarian.
Denied the existence of mental illness as a
medical entity- “whereas in modern medicine new
diseases were discovered, in modern psychiatry
they were invented”.*
Disease means bodily disease. The mind
(whatever it is) is not an organ or part of the body.
Hence, it cannot be diseased in the same sense
as the body can.**
*Szasz T (1960) The Myth of Mental Illness.Hoeber-Harper,New York.
**Szasz T (1973) The Manufacture ofMadness.Granada,St.Albans
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 20
21. All behaviors are rational (or @ least intentional)
and individuals are always responsible for it.
Mental disorders should be explained in terms of
the “acting out” of family and religious games, and
ethics and morals might better substitute for
psychiatry.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 21
22. Psychiatric labeling undermined personal rights
and moral responsibility.
Viewed psychiatric diagnoses as the tools of
control and opposed the use of psychiatry to
forcibly detain, treat, or excuse.
“coercive” psychiatric treatment resulted, he said,
not only in an exacerbation of patients’
symptomatology, but also in their infantilization.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 22
23. The myth of mental illness.
Separation of psychiatry and the state.
Presumption of competence.
Death control.
Abolition of the insanity defense.
Abolition of involuntary hospitalization.
Rights to drugs.
Coined – Pharmacracy.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 23
24. Objected to being called anti-psychiatrist
and overtly critical of anti-psychiatrists such as
Laing and Cooper, regarding them as “woolly
minded and misguided socialists.
In 1969 collaborated with scientology to form the
Citizens Commission on Human Rights.
Still active and disseminating his views though
slightly modifying with some acceptance of
biological concept.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 24
25. Comments:
◦ Disease has no such concrete patho-anatomic concept
alone.
◦ “psychiatric disorder must be disease with discernible
histopathology & pathophysiology”- other aspects of
defining disease include
Distress experienced & reported by the patients.
Level of disability associated.
Pattern of behavior.
Level of statistical deviation.
E.g. hypertension, headache.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 25
26. Canada born American Sociologist.
Book - Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of
Mental Patients and Other Inmates (1961)-
account of observations he made during
fellowship in 1955–1956 at the National Institute of
Mental Health in field work at St. Elizabeths, an
institution that, at the time, had over 6,000
patients.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 26
27. There was no such thing as mental illness
and the pretension of professionals to treat it was
nothing more than a shameless power-grab.
Mental hospitals- Total institution, brain wishing
machines responsible for
◦ infantilizing patients.
◦ and restricting their freedom.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 27
28. Relatively more powerful impact among
psychiatrists and health policy makers as
compared to Laing and Szasz, who were more
widely read.*
Provided Health Departments and taxpayers
with a justification for closing large numbers of
expensive hospitals.*
* Berlim M.T. et al. Notes on antipsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2003) 253 : 61–67.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 28
29. Comments:
oPositive :
brought forward the serious weaknesses prevalent in the
then mental hospitals
helped in the revision and refinement of many mental
health policies as well as practices.
oNegative :
denial of the very existence of mental illnesses
led to the rapid closure of large no. of mental hospitals
without alternative measures resulting in rapid growth in
mentally disordered homeless individuals and thus more
stigma regarding mental illness.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
29
30. Italian Psychiatrist and Neurologist.
Neo-Marxist.
Founder of Psychiatria Democratica – a
nationwide association with anti-institutional ideal.
Architect of the Law 180 in 1978 that led to the
dismantling of the then existing large asylums and
prohibited forceful admission of the mentally ill to
mental health institutions.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 30
31. Italy: Viewed by the supporters of the
antipsychiatry movement as the museum
for the antipsychiatry theories.
Argued the cause of mental illness to
be social violence and exclusion
patient’s symptoms arise from their “political
dialectical inability” to be face up the contradiction
of reality.
Compared mentally ill to the poor and
condemned: all victims of the selfish society.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 31
33. Psychopharmacology and other t/t
nothing more than instruments for the control of
deviant individuals by the system responsible for
the status quo of capitalism.
Actual treatment: when patient gain insight into
their exclusion from society and learn to refuse it.
Led to the development of community psychiatry
in Italy.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 33
34. Comments:
o Positive:
Brought forward the prevailing inhumane and non scientific
practices prevalent in the asylums
Led the foundation to an entirely new concept of community
psychiatry.
o Negative:
Simplicistic equation between poverty and deprivation is
wrong.
More politicized than scientific
• Did not give the alternative solution.
• Obstacle to progressive reform.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 34
35. Thomas Scheff, Howard Becker..
Mental disorder
◦ Labels arbitrarily assigned by the society and confirmed
by the psychiatrists rather than “defined by nature”.
◦ With intent of coercing and controlling individuals whose
deviant behavior threatens society’s orderliness and
welfare.
◦ A means to control over individuals.
◦ Often refer to Rosenham (1973) experiment.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 35
36. Alleged lunatics’ friend society.
National Mental Health Association.
National Society for Lunacy Law Reform.
Consumer/survivor/ex-patient movements-World
Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry;
European Network of (ex-)users and Survivors of
Psychiatry.
Church of scientology.
Citizens Commission on Human Rights.
Civil rights movements.
Antipsychiatry.org.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 36
37. Basically being carried on by diverse groups of
activists and organizations basically run by
“patients”/“ex-patients”.
No uniformity between them.
United basically by a common goal-criticism of
psychiatry.
Asian Subcontinent:
• No literature could be found but being advocated by a
diverse group of mental health activists and ex-patients
through various organizations.
• Nepal: No literature in medical journals; Nepal Mental
Health Foundation.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 37
38. Less vocal than the 1960s and 70s but still
powerful enough to affect the Mental Health Policy
and Practice worldwide.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 38
39. The fear, stigma and denial of mental illness and
the mentally ill prevalent in the society itself a part
of antipsychiatry.*
Prevalent from the general public to the
psychiatrists themselves.
Reason : the still prevalent vagueness in the
etiological causes, pathophysiology and treatment
in mental illnesses despite the achievements
made till date.
* Ironside W. Antipsychiatry, Psychiatry and Medicine. Australian and New Zealand Journal of
Psychiatry (1975) 9 : 69
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 39
40. Antipsychiatry in miniature form has been present
since the time unknown and still prevalent.
Antipsychiatry movement arose as the Zeitgeist of
the 1960s & 1970s epitomized by the rebellion
against the “system”.*
An ideological movement based on a politicized and
reductionist understanding of psychiatry devoid of
an empirical basis; putting itself in clear opposition
to any scientific data from the medical specialty of
Psychiatry.
* Berlim M.T. et al. Notes on antipsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2003) 253 : 61–67.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 40
41. Antipsychiatry movement has thus been a loose
association of diverse group of people- the ex-
patients to the psychiatrists themselves : there
was debate over whether it was a new
phenomena, who "owned" it, and whether it
even constituted a genuinely singular
movement.*
Has considerably lost its vigour of the 1970s
with the intrinsic evolution within psychiatry and
the changing worldviews of the major critics.**
*Paul Laffey Antipsychiatry in Australia:Sources for a Social and Intellectual History Health & History, 2003. 5/2: 17–
36
**Tantam D (1991) The anti-psychiatry movement. In: Berrios GE, Freeman H (eds) 150 Years of British Psychiatry:
1841–1991.Gaskell, London, pp 321–352
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
41
42. While antipsychiatry may have fallen from grace
and was no longer be led by eminent
psychiatrists, it was argued that it had in fact only
been handed over to the team.*
Antipsychiatry had little discussion of the
deteriorating situation of the mentally troubled in
American society. Antipsychiatry crusades have
thus been charged with failing to put suffering
individuals first, and of thus being guilty of what
they accuse psychiatrists. **
*Mervat Nasser The rise and fall of anti-psychiatry Psychiatric Bulletin (1995). 19, 743-746.
** Mark S. Micale, Roy Porter (1994) Discovering the History of Psychiatry Oxford University Press
US, 1994 ISBN 0195077393
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 42
43. Positive aspects:
Led to considerable refinement in psychiatric nosology.
Criticisms of the then prevalent inhumane conditions and
practices led to revision in the mental health policies and
practices that actually helped in the progress of psychiatry
and better delivery of care.
Demonstration of psychiatry’s richness and complexity: no
“anti-cardiology” “anti-paediatrics”.*
Antipsychiatry’s legacy is likely derived much from
the absorption and incorporation of its criticisms
by mainstream psychiatry than from the direct
application of its principles.**
*Bracken P, Thomas P (2001) Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental health. BMJ 322:724–727
** Berlim M.T. et al. Notes on antipsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2003) 253 : 61–67.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
43
44. Antipsychiatry in “miniature form” has been
present since the time unknown and likely to
persist in future as well.
Antipsychiatry movement is a loose association of
a diverse groups of people with ideology based
on a politicized and reductionist understanding
of psychiatry; mostly in clear opposition to all
fundamentals of psychiatry and arose as a the
Zeitgeist of the 1960s & 1970s epitomized by
the rebellion against the “system”.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
44
45. Helped indirectly in the growth of psychiatry itself.
Antipsychiatry’s legacy is likely derived much from
the absorption and incorporation of its criticisms
by mainstream psychiatry than from the direct
application of its principles.
ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT 45
46. 1. Berlim M.T. et al. Notes on antipsychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci
(2003) 253 : 61–67.
2. Bracken P, Thomas P (2001) Postpsychiatry: a new direction for mental
health. BMJ 322:724–727.
3. Conrad, Peter; Schneider, Joseph (1992).
Deviance and medicalization: from badness to sickness. Temple University
Press. pp. 36.
4. Dain, N. (1989)
Critics and dissenters: Reflections on anti-psychiatry in the United States
Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences Volume 25 Issue 1, Pages 3
– 25.
5. David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry, Paladin, London, 1967.
6. Ironside W. Antipsychiatry, Psychiatry and Medicine. Australian and New
Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (1975) 9 : 69.
7. Kleinman, Arthur (1988). Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to
Personal Experience. Collier Macmillan. ISBN 0029174422.
8. Laing RD (1967) The Politics of Experience. Penguin, London
46ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
47. 9. Mark S. Micale, Roy Porter (1994) Discovering the History of Psychiatry Oxford
University Press US, 1994 ISBN 0195077393.
10. Mervat Nasser The rise and fall of anti-psychiatry Psychiatric Bulletin (1995). 19, 743-
746.
11. N Hervey (1986) Advocacy or folly: the Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society, 1845-63. Med
Hist. 1986 July; 30(3): 245–275.
12. Nick Crossley R. D. Laing and the British anti-psychiatry movement: a socio–historical
analysis Social Science & Medicine Volume 47, Issue 7, 1 October 1998, Pages 877-
889.
13. Paul Laffey Antipsychiatry in Australia:Sources for a Social and Intellectual History
Health & History, 2003.
14. Szasz T (1960) The Myth of Mental Illness. Hoeber-Harper,New York.
15. Szasz T (1973) The Manufacture of Madness. Granada, St.Albans.
16. Tantam D (1991) The anti-psychiatry movement. In: Berrios GE, Freeman H (eds) 150
Years of British Psychiatry: 1841–1991.Gaskell, London, pp 321–352.
17. Whitaker, Robert (2004). Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring
Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill. Basic Books. ISBN 0-7382-0799-3
18. www,antipsychiatry.org(accessed on 2011.1.25
19. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-psychiatry.
47ANTIPSYCHIATRY MOVEMENT
Provided Health Departments and taxpayers with a justification for closing large numbers of expensive hospitals. many of them in urgent need of repair, thereby enabling bureaucrats and taxpayers to save large sums of money while simultaneously convincing themselves that they were acting in the best interests of those hospitals’ patients.
In the clinical setting, the two strands of antipsychiatry — criticism of psychiatric knowledge and reform of its practices — were never entirely distinct. In addition, in a sense, antipsychiatry was not so much a demand for the end of psychiatry, as it was psychiatrists and allied professionals questioning their own judgements and practices. In some cases, the suspicion of non-psychiatric medical professionals towards the validity of psychiatry was described as anti-psychiatry, as well the criticism of "tough headed" psychiatrists towards "soft head" psychiatrists. Even the leading figures of antipsychiatry were within psychiatry and equivocated over whether they were really against psychiatry, or which parts. Outside psychiatry however - for example student and lay activists and paraprofessionals such as social workers and psychologists - antipsychiatry tended to mean something more uniformly radical. And the ambiguous term "antipsychiatry" came to be associated with these stronger forms, but there was debate over whether it was a new phenomena, who "owned" it, and whether it even constituted a genuinely singular movement.*
*Paul Laffey Antipsychiatry in Australia:Sources for a Social and Intellectual History Health & History, 2003. 5/2: 17–36
Antipsychiatry had produced a large literature critical of psychiatry, but little discussion of the deteriorating situation of the mentally troubled in American society. Antipsychiatry crusades have thus been charged with failing to put suffering individuals first, and of thus being guilty of what they accuse psychiatrists. The rise of antipsychiatry in Italy was described by one observer as simply "a transfer of psychiatric control from those with medical knowledge to those who possessed socio-political power.”**