Brief report on coronavirus by incubigAnkit Lekhra
Read the report by Incubig to know more about this deadly virus and understand the efforts of the global research community for providing treatment for this pathogenic virus, for which prior treatment did not exist and potential for a pandemic remains.
Coronavirus outbreak already at a pandemic level. The economy can be revived, but what about the lost lives? We need a unified global effort to save the lives of millions.
Our team at Incubig will regularly publish research activity by the worldwide universities, and organizations under coronavirus, specifically for finding the vaccine for this deadly virus.
Reach out to us at contact@incubig.com for more details.
Thank you.
Incubig
Accelerating innovation | www.incubig.com
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
Brief report on coronavirus by incubigAnkit Lekhra
Read the report by Incubig to know more about this deadly virus and understand the efforts of the global research community for providing treatment for this pathogenic virus, for which prior treatment did not exist and potential for a pandemic remains.
Coronavirus outbreak already at a pandemic level. The economy can be revived, but what about the lost lives? We need a unified global effort to save the lives of millions.
Our team at Incubig will regularly publish research activity by the worldwide universities, and organizations under coronavirus, specifically for finding the vaccine for this deadly virus.
Reach out to us at contact@incubig.com for more details.
Thank you.
Incubig
Accelerating innovation | www.incubig.com
Vaccine Development for COVID-19 virus, ranging from all the technologies such as DNA Vaccine, mRNA Vaccine, Whole Inactivated Vaccine, Viral Vector Vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 viral pathology is also shared in this slide.
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
Different types of vaccines work in different ways to offer protection. But with all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that virus in the future.
It typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
detailed information about COVID_19 and Corona Viruses how it would be transmitted and all the preventive measures
information about the vaccine of corona virus
COVID-19 VACCINESMyths Vs Facts
Vaccines types
How they work ?
Recombinant vaccines
Why Covid Vaccines?
Covid Vaccines
Vaccine Usage in the world
In the discussion
Facts vs Myths-
Some Tips for Vaccination
Vaccine research and development has become very urgent with the emergence of new diseases, increased burden of infectious disease, and growing concern regarding vaccine safety. Creative Biolabs has more than a decade of experience and deep expertise in vaccine discovery and development.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine-discovery-services-for-sars-cov2.htm
Why is coronavirus a good biological weapon (bioweapon)?
Why is the covid-19 vaccine the ultimate endgame?
Part I of a multi-part PPT on the dangers of covid-19 vaccine.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
A COVID 19 vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV 2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19). types of active and inactivated vaccine
Different types of vaccines work in different ways to offer protection. But with all types of vaccines, the body is left with a supply of “memory” T-lymphocytes as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that virus in the future.
It typically takes a few weeks after vaccination for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
detailed information about COVID_19 and Corona Viruses how it would be transmitted and all the preventive measures
information about the vaccine of corona virus
COVID-19 VACCINESMyths Vs Facts
Vaccines types
How they work ?
Recombinant vaccines
Why Covid Vaccines?
Covid Vaccines
Vaccine Usage in the world
In the discussion
Facts vs Myths-
Some Tips for Vaccination
Vaccine research and development has become very urgent with the emergence of new diseases, increased burden of infectious disease, and growing concern regarding vaccine safety. Creative Biolabs has more than a decade of experience and deep expertise in vaccine discovery and development.
https://sars-cov-2.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine-discovery-services-for-sars-cov2.htm
Why is coronavirus a good biological weapon (bioweapon)?
Why is the covid-19 vaccine the ultimate endgame?
Part I of a multi-part PPT on the dangers of covid-19 vaccine.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
Research and Treatment of COVID-19 - EUCYTJensonAlbert
Current strategies to treating severely infected patients rely on repurposing therapies approved for other diseases. Additionally, there has been increased support in developing new antibodies, drugs, and vaccines which will block viral entry to cells, block viral replication, or delay the host immune system response. For more information, please visit : https://eucyt.com/
Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. mechsnism, pathogenesis and causes, transmission,symptoms and therapeutic strategies
Published by karuna raghuwanshi,M.pharma II semester (pharmaceutics),Pharmacy department.
Varicella-zoster virus is responsible for causing a primary varicella infection (chickenpox) and a secondary herpes zoster infection (shingles). Although varicella typically manifests as a mild disease in otherwise healthy children, it can also manifest as a moderate-to-severe disease, most notably in immunocompromised and adult hosts. Acyclovir is the antiviral agent of choice for the management of varicella infections. Routine vaccination with Varivax has been very effective in reducing chickenpox incidence
1. Genome of corona viruses
2. Comparative analysis of emergence and spreading
3. Entry Mechanism
4. COVID-19 Case Study
5. Face mask Case Study
6. Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease
7. BCG vaccine
All you (never) wanted to know about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2Edward Rybicki
A talk about the basics of the virus and the disease, whether one can become immune, and what the prospects are for vaccines. For an undergrad-early postgrad molecular biology / microbiology oriented audience.
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response.
Mechanism of different types of vaccines in developmentEmilioMolina23
Recap of certain vaccines technologies against Covid-19
Introduce MOA of current and in development Covid-19 vaccines
Ever since the first vaccine was developed in 1796 to treat smallpox, several different methods have been created to develop successful vaccines. Today, those methods, known as vaccine technologies, are more advanced and use the latest technology to help protect the world from preventable diseases.
Depending on the pathogen (a bacteria or virus) that is being targeted, different vaccine technologies are used to generate an effective vaccine.
In total, there are five different vaccine technology platforms in this presentation each with its own benefits, and examples.
COVID-19 is a global infectious disease pandemic with high morbidity and mortality for at risk individuals. This slide is intended for the medical students, medical doctors and those in training for masters of medicine (MMED).
Similar to Ch adox1 ncov 19 corona virus vaccine (recombinant (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. Recombinant Vaccines
• Vaccines were initially developed on an empirical basis, relying mostly on attenuation or inactivation of
pathogens. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, genomics, and proteomics have added new
perspectives to the vaccinology field.
• The use of recombinant proteins allows the targeting of immune responses focused against few protective
antigens. There are a variety of expression systems with different advantages, allowing the production of large
quantities of proteins depending on the required characteristics.
• Live recombinant bacteria or viral vectors effectively stimulate the immune system as in natural infections and
have intrinsic adjuvant properties.
• DNA vaccines, which consist of non-replicating plasmids, can induce strong long-term cellular immune
responses.
3. • Current vaccination traditionally known to be effective requires immunization of an individual with two or more
doses and this consists of a “prime-boost regime”. As the vaccines used in the prime and boost consist of the same
formulation, such regime is called homologous prime-boost. On the other hand, an immunization regime involving
different formulations used sequentially in more than one administration will be called heterologous prime-boost.
• Research results accumulated over the past decade have shown that heterologous immunization can be more effective
than homologous immunization, especially against intracellular pathogens, the infectious agents of higher complexity
that are currently considered to be more challenging for vaccine development
Fig. Different types of Recombinant vaccines by
Genscript.
4. Vaccine for combating CoVID-19
• The COVID-19 pandemic which probably is the most devastating one in the last 100 years after Spanish flu.
• The novel beta-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is believed to have emerged last year in 2019 in Wuhan from Bats.
Crossing the species barrier it entered human beings with furtherance of infection through human to human
transmission.
• The beta-coronaviruses have jumped between the species and have caused three zoonotic outbreaks namely, SARS
CoV (2002-03), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019- till date) in the last 2 decades.
• Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 can result in a range of clinical outcomes, varying from asymptomatic infection to severe
acute respiratory distress and death.
• The current COVID-19 pandemic has urged the scientific community internationally to find answers in terms of
therapeutics and vaccines to control SARS-CoV-2. Published investigations mostly on SARS-CoV has taught lessons
on vaccination strategies to this novel coronavirus.
• This is attributed to the fact that SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor as SARS-CoV on the host cell i.e. human
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (hACE2) and is approximately 79% similar genetically to SARS-CoV.
5. • Structurally coronaviruses are pleomorphic, enveloped viruses with a characteristic fringe of projections composed of
S protein on their surface. These viruses are equipped with a positive sense ssRNA genome, which is complexed with
the nucleocapsid (N) protein forming helical nucleocapsids. The genome is both capped and polyadenylated.
• SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind a common host receptor, hACE2, to gain entry into the cell but SARS-CoV-2 binds
the receptor with a higher affinity than the SARS-CoV.
• Many efforts have been directed towards the development of the vaccines against COVID-19, to avert the pandemic
and most of the developing vaccine candidates have been using the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2.
• Though the efforts on COVID-19 vaccines started very early, initially in China, as soon as the outbreak of novel
coronavirus erupted and then world-over as the disease was declared a pandemic by WHO.
• Various platforms for vaccine development are available namely: virus vectored vaccines, protein subunit vaccines,
genetic vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization which are under evaluations for SARS-CoV-2,
with each having discrete benefits and hindrances.
6. • As of July 2, 2020, the worldwide SARS-CoV-2 vaccine landscape includes 158 vaccine candidates, out of which 135
are in the preclinical or the exploratory stage of their development.
• Currently, mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologicals), INO-4800 (Inovio, Inc.), LV-SMENP-DC,
Pathogen-specific aAPC (ShinzenGeno-Immune Medical Institute), and ChAdOx1 (University of Oxford) have entered
the phase I/II clinical trials.
• Our main focus is on chAdOx1 recombinant vaccine, which is in India commercially available as COVISHIELD.
• COVISHIELD is a protein sub-unit vaccine. A subunit vaccine is the one which is based on the synthetic peptides or
recombinant antigenic proteins, which are necessary for invigorating long-lasting protective and/or therapeutic immune
response.
• The subunit vaccine, however, exhibits low immunogenicity and requires auxiliary support of an adjuvant to potentiate
the vaccine-induced immune responses. An adjuvant may enhance the biological half-life of the antigenic material, or it
may ameliorate the immunomodulatory cytokine response.
7. • The S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 is the most suitable antigen to induce the neutralizing antibodies against the pathogen.
The S Protein consists of two subunits. The S1 subunit has the NTD, RBD, and RBM domains while the S2 subunit
comprises of FP, HR 1, &2.
• The virus enters into the cell via endocytosis by utilizing the S-Protein mediated binding to the hACE2 receptor.
• Therefore, the S-Protein and its antigenic fragments are the prime targets for the institution of the subunit vaccine.
• The S glycoprotein is a dynamic protein, possessing two conformational states i.e. pre-fusion and post-fusion state.
Therefore, the antigen must maintain its surface chemistry and profile of the original pre-fusion spike protein to preserve
the epitopes for igniting good quality antibody responses.
• Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a glycoprotein spike on the surface, which
mediates receptor binding and cell entry during infection. The roles of the spike protein in receptor binding and
membrane fusion make it an attractive vaccine antigen.
• COVISHIELD as we know that is a recombinant adenovirus vaccine was developed using codon optimized S
glycoprotein and synthesized with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence at 5’ end. The sequence of
SARS-CoV-2 coding for amino acids (2 to 1273) and the tPA leader and was propagated in the shuttle plasmid.
8. • This shuttle plasmid is responsible for encoding the major immediate early genes of the human cytomegalovirus (IE
CMV) along with tetracycline operator (TetO) sites and polyadenylation signal from bovine growth hormone (BGH)
between the Gateway recombination cloning site.
• The Adenovirus vector genome is constructed in the Bacterial Artificial Chromosome by inserting the SARS-CoV-2 S
gene into the E1 locus of ChAdOx1 adenovirus genome.
• The virus was then allowed to reproduce in the T-Rex 293 HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney 293) cell lines and purified
by the centrifugation (CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation).
• The absence of any sub-genomic RNA (sgRNA) in the intra-muscularly vaccinated animals from the pre-clinical trials is
indicative of the escalated immunity against the virus.
• COVISHIELD is for intramuscular (IM) injection only, preferably in the deltoid muscle.
• One dose (0.5 ml) contains: 5 × 10 viral particles.
• Both COVISHIELD (manufactured by Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd) and COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca
(manufactured by AstraZeneca) are ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19 Corona Virus Vaccines (Recombinant).
9. • The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) consists of the replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector ChAdOx1,
containing the full-length structural surface glycoprotein (spike protein) of SARS-CoV-2, with a tissue plasminogen
activator leader sequence. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 expresses a codon-optimised coding sequence for the spike protein.
• In rhesus macaques, a single vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 induced humoral and cellular immune responses.
Protection against lower respiratory tract infection was observed in vaccinated non-human primates after high-dose
SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
• ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is safe, tolerated, and immunogenic, while reactogenicity was reduced with paracetamol. A single
dose elicited both humoral and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2, with a booster immunisation augmenting
neutralising antibody titres. Some side effects are also there that can not be ignored. All possible side effects are listed in
the last slide.
10. • Pharmaceutical Form of COVISHIELD is colourless to slightly brown, clear to slightly opaque and particle free with a
pH of 6.6.
• COVISHIELD vaccination course consists of two separate doses of 0.5 ml each. The second dose should be
administered between 4 to 6 weeks after the first dose. However, there is data available for administration of the second
dose up to 12 weeks after the first dose from the overseas studies.
• Efficacy and safety data are currently limited in individuals ≥ 65 years of age, No dosage adjustment is required in
elderly individuals ≥ 65 years of age.
• The safety and efficacy of COVISHIELD in children and adolescents (aged >18) is not yet established.
Special warnings and special precautions for use:
• Hypersensitivity: As with all injectable vaccines, appropriate medical treatment and supervision should always be
readily available in case of an anaphylactic event following the administration of the vaccine.
11. • Concurrent illness: As with other vaccines, administration of COVISHIELD™ should be postponed in individuals
suffering from an acute severe febrile illness. However, the presence of a minor infection, such as cold, and/or low-
grade fever should not delay vaccination.
• Thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders: As with other intramuscular injections, COVISHIELD™ should be
given with caution to individuals with thrombocytopenia, any coagulation disorder or to persons on anticoagulation
therapy, because bleeding or bruising may occur following an intramuscular administration in these individuals.
• Immunocompromised individual: It is not known whether individuals with impaired immune responsiveness,
including individuals receiving immunosuppressant therapy, will elicit the same response as immunocompetent
individuals to the vaccine regimen. Immunocompromised individuals may have relatively weaker immune response
to the vaccine regimen.
• Fertility: Preliminary animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to fertility.
12. References:
1.WHO
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report—181.
World Health Organization, Geneva2020.
2.van Doremalen N, Haddock E, Feldmann F et al.
A single dose of ChAdOx1 MERS provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques.
Sci Adv. 2020; 6eaba8399.
3.van Doremalen N et al.
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques.
BioRxiv. 2020; (published online May 13.) (preprint).
4.Folegatti PM, Bellamy D, Roberts R et al.
Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant simian adenovirus ChAdOx2 as a vectored vaccine.
Vaccines (Basel). 2019.
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