This document discusses developing therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. It outlines three main approaches: targeting the virus's binding to host cells, targeting viral replication inside cells, and repurposing approved drugs. Several drugs are discussed, including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin. While no consensus treatment has been found, repurposed drugs have shown promise. Continued research efforts provide hope that an effective treatment can be developed to combat this pandemic.
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Procalcitonin is an excellent biomarker for antibiotic use in bacterial infections alone. POCT guided PCT levels can help decide whether to add antibiotics or not in opd settings for respiratory tract infection.
This Manual of Procedures (MOP) was developed to assist and align the efforts in implementing AMS programs in all (Level I, II, and III) hospitals across the country. It seeks to serve as a guide to individual hospitals in the design and establishment of local AMS programs while providing a framework for national-level action and commitment.
Recommendations within this document are, as far as possible, based on review of published literature on strategies that have shown to be effective. Consultation with key members (Infectious Diseases physicians, clinical pharmacists, and Infection Control nurses) from eight (8) pilot hospitals as well as the National Antibiotic Guidelines Committee (NAGCom), other national Infectious Diseases societies and relevant DOH offices were undertaken to obtain a consensus opinion and ensure that this MOP is practical and feasible.
All attempts to consider the context of local culture and practices have been taken in the creation of this MOP. Nonetheless, we have chosen to only define core aspects of the national AMS program without being overly prescriptive. Hospitals are strongly encouraged to adapt this MOP to their individual setting in order to maximize its effectiveness, including reduce barriers to implementation and encourage shared ownership towards the goal of AMS.
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COV...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study has been conducted to know the attitude of nursing students regarding preventive techniques to prevent from COVID 19 during COVID 19 pandemic. In order to achieve the objectives non experimental approach with survey research design was adopted. Setting of the study selected was Dr. Achal Singh Yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Lucknow. The selection of sample was done by using convenient non probability sampling technique. The sample size was 30. The method of data collection was using demographic variables questions and structured attitude rating scale related to attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19. Result shown that nursing students had neutral attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19 and there is no significant association between demographic variables with attitude of nursing students, hence hypothesis 1 rejected. Saniya Susan Issac | Sarita Bhatt | Bince Varghese "Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COVID-19 during COVID19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41258.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41258/survey-to-assess-the-attitude-of-nursing-students-regarding-prevention-of-covid19-during-covid19-pandemic/saniya-susan-issac
A review of the covid 19 pandemic and the role of medical laboratory scientis...ArchanDomReyes
The health system of many countries has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, with many losing a significant number of their health professionals in the fight against the virus. While doctors and nurses are so visible at the front lines and are being applauded for the gallant role they are playing in the recovery of hundreds of thousands of COVID-19 patients, the world knows little about those behind their successes, the
Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS). Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of diagnostic
medicine and the role of the MLS in containing any pandemic cannot be overemphasized.
O ptimization of hyrozycloroquine in mangement of covid 19Ahmed Ali
A published article which explains in details why hydroxychloroquine provided conflicting results in Covid-19. This because reflection of its pharmacokinetics, especially ion traping.
Role of chemical engineers to combat COVID 19 PandemicSABARINATH C D
Role of chemical engineer to combat COVID 19 Pandemic:
COVID-19,it is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It was identified in December
2019 at Wuhan in China. On 11 March 2020 World Health Organization declared that it is a
global pandemic. Millions of people disrupted by this infectious respiratory disease outbreak.
All professionals are contributing to reduce this pandemic .as well as chemical engineering
professionals respond to this scenario. From the development of smaller, faster computer
chips to innovations in recycling, treating diseases, water treatment, and generating energy,
the processes and products that chemical engineers have helped to create a better world
.There are lot of great achievements, bold innovators, and new frontiers in the fields of
energy, the environment, biomedicine, electronics, food production, and materials from the
world of chemical engineering. So the chemical engineers are joining to respond to the
COVID-19 challenges. They can contribute more to help society through this pandemic.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Procalcitonin is an excellent biomarker for antibiotic use in bacterial infections alone. POCT guided PCT levels can help decide whether to add antibiotics or not in opd settings for respiratory tract infection.
This Manual of Procedures (MOP) was developed to assist and align the efforts in implementing AMS programs in all (Level I, II, and III) hospitals across the country. It seeks to serve as a guide to individual hospitals in the design and establishment of local AMS programs while providing a framework for national-level action and commitment.
Recommendations within this document are, as far as possible, based on review of published literature on strategies that have shown to be effective. Consultation with key members (Infectious Diseases physicians, clinical pharmacists, and Infection Control nurses) from eight (8) pilot hospitals as well as the National Antibiotic Guidelines Committee (NAGCom), other national Infectious Diseases societies and relevant DOH offices were undertaken to obtain a consensus opinion and ensure that this MOP is practical and feasible.
All attempts to consider the context of local culture and practices have been taken in the creation of this MOP. Nonetheless, we have chosen to only define core aspects of the national AMS program without being overly prescriptive. Hospitals are strongly encouraged to adapt this MOP to their individual setting in order to maximize its effectiveness, including reduce barriers to implementation and encourage shared ownership towards the goal of AMS.
This important presentation encompasses all the vaccines of COVID at current point of time; it's mechanism of action, its efficacy data's and advantages and disadvantages
Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COV...YogeshIJTSRD
The present study has been conducted to know the attitude of nursing students regarding preventive techniques to prevent from COVID 19 during COVID 19 pandemic. In order to achieve the objectives non experimental approach with survey research design was adopted. Setting of the study selected was Dr. Achal Singh Yadav institute of nursing and paramedical sciences, Lucknow. The selection of sample was done by using convenient non probability sampling technique. The sample size was 30. The method of data collection was using demographic variables questions and structured attitude rating scale related to attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19. Result shown that nursing students had neutral attitude regarding prevention of COVID 19 and there is no significant association between demographic variables with attitude of nursing students, hence hypothesis 1 rejected. Saniya Susan Issac | Sarita Bhatt | Bince Varghese "Survey to Assess the Attitude of Nursing Students Regarding Prevention of COVID-19 during COVID19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41258.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/41258/survey-to-assess-the-attitude-of-nursing-students-regarding-prevention-of-covid19-during-covid19-pandemic/saniya-susan-issac
A review of the covid 19 pandemic and the role of medical laboratory scientis...ArchanDomReyes
The health system of many countries has been overwhelmed by the pandemic, with many losing a significant number of their health professionals in the fight against the virus. While doctors and nurses are so visible at the front lines and are being applauded for the gallant role they are playing in the recovery of hundreds of thousands of COVID-19 patients, the world knows little about those behind their successes, the
Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS). Medical laboratory science is the bedrock of diagnostic
medicine and the role of the MLS in containing any pandemic cannot be overemphasized.
O ptimization of hyrozycloroquine in mangement of covid 19Ahmed Ali
A published article which explains in details why hydroxychloroquine provided conflicting results in Covid-19. This because reflection of its pharmacokinetics, especially ion traping.
Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19Sidharth Mehta
As we know, COVID-19 is spreading worldwide and its only treatment is just Prevention from it. However there is no specific Drug/Medicine till available for this disease. In this report I try to demonstrate some Innovative Solutions to Combat Spread & Management of Covid-19. Hope you guys like this report..Please Let me know some suggestions if you have in the comment section below. #STAYHOME #STAYSAFE
The PowerPoint "COVID-19 Pandemic" by Arnav Gupta is about COVID-19. It talks about where it started, how it spreads, and what countries did to stop it. It explains how it changed life and work, the problems for doctors, and how vaccines were made and given to people. It looks at new types of the virus and health problems after COVID. It ends by saying how important it is for countries to work together and learn from this.
In the intricate tapestry of the global ecosystem, the emergence of infectious diseases has always been a formidable challenge. As we stand on the precipice of the third decade of the 21st century, the specter of emerging infectious diseases looms larger than ever. The world has witnessed the devastating impact of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and the H1N1 influenza, underscoring the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of these complex phenomena. In this blog, we will delve into the realm of emerging infectious diseases, exploring their causes, dynamics, and the collective efforts required to address them.
Defining Emerging Infectious Diseases:
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are those that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing. These diseases can be caused by new or previously unidentified infectious agents, the spread of known agents to new populations, or changes in the environment that facilitate disease emergence.
Introduction:
In recent years, the healthcare landscape in India has undergone a significant transformation, and at the forefront of this revolution is the rapidly growing telemedicine market. Telemedicine, the use of technology to provide healthcare remotely, has gained immense popularity, especially in a country as vast and diverse as India. This blog explores the dynamics, drivers, challenges, and future prospects of the India telemedicine market.
Market Overview:
The telemedicine market in India has witnessed unprecedented growth, fueled by advancements in technology, increasing internet penetration, and the need for accessible and affordable healthcare services. According to various reports, the market is expected to continue its upward trajectory in the coming years.
Drivers of Telemedicine Growth:
Digital Penetration: The widespread availability of smartphones and internet connectivity has opened doors for telemedicine to reach remote and underserved areas. People in rural and urban areas alike can now access healthcare services with just a few clicks on their smartphones.
COVID-19 Pandemic: The global health crisis acted as a catalyst for the adoption of telemedicine. Social distancing norms and the fear of exposure to the virus prompted a surge in virtual consultations, making telemedicine a mainstream healthcare solution.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has recognized the potential of telemedicine in improving healthcare accessibility. Initiatives such as the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines and the National Digital Health Mission have laid the foundation for a structured and regulated telehealth ecosystem.
Challenges and Solutions:
Digital Divide: Despite the growth, challenges related to the digital divide persist. Rural areas often face issues such as poor internet connectivity and a lack of digital literacy. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations.
Data Security Concerns: Patient data security is a critical aspect of telemedicine. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures, compliance with data protection laws, and creating awareness among users are essential steps in overcoming these concerns.
Regulatory Framework: While the government has taken steps to regulate telemedicine, ongoing efforts are required to refine and adapt the regulatory framework to the evolving nature of the market. Striking a balance between innovation and patient safety is crucial.
Key Players and Platforms:
Several telemedicine platforms have emerged as key players in the Indian market. From established healthcare providers offering virtual consultations to dedicated telehealth startups, the landscape is diverse. Companies like Practo, Apollo 24/7, and Mfine are among those making significant contributions.
Key Companies working on it includes Lybrate, mFine, myUpchar, vHealth, Zoylo Digihealth Pvt. Ltd., TeleVital, DocOnline, MedCords, 1Mg, M16 Labs, Artem Health,
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[4] The outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019, and was recognized as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.[5] As of 25 March, more than 422,000 cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 190 countries and territories, resulting in more than 18,900 deaths and more than 109,000 recoveries.
Biopharmaceutical Research Evolves Against
Infectious Diseases with Nearly 400 Medicines
and Vaccines in Testing.
Throughout history, infectious diseases
have taken a devastating toll on the lives
and well-being of people around the
world. Caused when pathogens such
as bacteria or viruses enter a body and
multiply, infectious diseases were the
leading cause of death in the United
States until the 1920s. Today, vaccines
and infectious disease treatments have
proven to be effective treatments in
many cases, but infectious diseases still
pose a very serious threat to patients.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...
Developing Therapeutic Strategies & Current Knowledge on Drugs For Treatment of COVID-19
1. ADVANCING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN TIMES OF
PANDEMICS
DEVELOPING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES AND CURRENT
KNOWLEDGE ON DRUGS FOR TREATMENT OF COVID-19
PRESENTED BY
V.LAVANYA
II YEAR,
B.PHARM.
C.L.BAID METHA COLLEGE
OF PHARMACY,
CHENNAI.
2. ABSTRACT:
Despite intense research there is currently no effective vaccine available against the new severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the later 2019 and responsible for the
COVID-19 pandemic. This infectious and communicable disease has become one of the major public health
challenges in the world. The clinical management of COVID-19 has been limited to infection prevention and
control measures associated with supportive care such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.
Meanwhile efforts to find an effective treatment to inhibit virus replication, mitigate the symptoms,
increase survival and decrease mortality rate are ongoing. Several classes of drugs, many of them already in
use for other diseases, are being evaluated based on the body of clinical knowledge obtained from infected
patients regarding to the natural history and evolution of the infection. Herein I will provide an updated
overview of the Developing therapeutic strategies and current knowledge on drugs and therapeutic agents
being tested for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. These include different classes of drugs such as
antiviral agents (chloroquine, ivermectin, nitazoxanide, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, remdesivir,
tocilizumab), supporting agents (Vitamin C, Vitamin D, azithromycin, corticosteroids) and promising
investigational vaccines. Considering the controversies and excessive number of compounds being tested and
reported in the literature we hope that this review can provide useful and updated consolidated information on
potential drugs used to prevent, control and treat COVID-19 patients worldwide.
3. INTRODUCTION:
• Epidemics and pandemics have been threatening the human race
time and again. SARS, H1N1, Ebola, and more have shown their
teeth in the past, but with each such outbreak, we are learning new
ways of fighting and managing such unexpected diseases that can
potentially kill millions of people. Technology cannot prevent the
onset of the pandemics; however, it can help prevent the spread,
educate, warn, and empower those on the ground to be aware of the
situation, and noticeably lessen the impact. Today, with converging
technologies , it has become possible to test several innovative
approaches to pandemic response.
4. DEVELOPING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES:
• The need of the hour is to develop drugs against this deadly virus –
which is easier said than done. Before we come up with strategies to
fight the virus, we need to study its behaviour closely to understand
which of its essential processes we can target.
• THREE MAIN APPROCHES:
Targeting SARS-CoV-2 binding to
the host cell
Targeting SARS-CoV-2 replication inside
the host cell
Repurposing already approved drugs
5. STRATEGY 1:Targeting SARS-CoV-2 binding to the host cell
• A group of researchers led by Jason McLellan from the University of Texas
published a detailed structure of the viral “S” protein and highlighted how it is
used by the virus to bind to the host cell. This study demonstrated that the virus
uses a “Lock and Key” mechanism to attach itself to the host cell, which is the
first step in the infection process. Key – ‘S’ Protein & Lock – ACE2
• A group of researchers from the Leibniz Institute for Primate Research,
Germany, working under the leadership of Stefan Polhmann demonstrated that
another protein, TMPRSS2 assists in viral entry into the host cell by priming the
spike protein “S.
STRATEGY 2:Targeting SARS-CoV-2 replication inside the host cell
• A study by a group led by Rolf Hilgenfeld at the University of Lubeck, Germany,
described the detailed structure of another viral protein, Mpro, which plays an integral
role in viral replication. The researchers showed that the reproduction of the virus
inside the cells could be blocked by using an inhibitor, α-ketoamide, thereby offering a
promising strategy for potential therapeutic intervention.
6. STRATEGY 3 : Repurposing already approved drugs
• Alternate strategies for treating COVID-19 may stem out of
repurposing drugs that are already in the market for other diseases
and disorders.
• Eg . Remdesivir , an antiviral drug
Combination of Azithromycin and Hydroxychloroquine.
Current therapeutic treatment for COVID-19 related to the onset and
physiopathology of the disease
DRUG STRUCTURE ACTION
Azithromycin Antiviral , anti-
inflammatory.
Favipiravir Antiviral, RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase inhibitor
7. Remdesivir
Inhibits RdRp polymerase
inhibiting RNA synthesis
Chloroquine
Increases endosomal pH and
alters glycosylation of ACE-2,
interfering with virus/receptor
interaction.
Hydroxychloroquine
Increases endosomal pH and alters
glycosylation of ACE-2, interfering
with virus/receptor interaction.
Umifenovir (Arbidol)
Interacts with spike glycoprotein and
impedes its trimerization, which is key
for host cell adhesion and hijacking
Vitamin C & D
Immunomodulatory property. Boosts
immunity by stimulating IFN
production , enhancing neutrophil
phagocytic capability.
8. RESULTS & DISCUSSION :
The present outbreak caused by SARS-Co-2 was indeed expected. Similar to previous
outbreaks, the current outbreak will also be contained shortly. However the real question is, how
are we planning to counter the next zoonotic CoV epidemic that is likely to occur with in the
next 5-10 years or perhaps within lesser time?
Do the increasing technological advancement of the human race and changing ecology have
anything to do with this? Epidemiological data and genetic sequence analysis show that many of
these coronavirus strains might date as far back as ~ 5000BCE or even earlier. Many of these
originated in animal hosts, particularly bats. These viruses have undergone mutations and
exchanged hosts several times before transferring to humans. Are the changing climate,
increasing pollution, and modernization in any way responsible for inducing critical mutations
in these viruses, that enable them to be transferred to humans? Why are bats resistant to such
viruses?
These questions prompt different perspectives, and hence alternate approaches to solve these
mysteries. The answers to these questions might be critical in dealing more effectively with this
kind of crisis. If anything, this global pandemic has paved the way to the inevitable realization
that the development of a supportive environment towards promoting scientific culture and
temperament is essential towards tackling such pandemics in the future.
9. CONCLUSION:
• Despite great efforts worldwide to try to find an effective drug against SARS-
CoV-2 yet there is not a consensus about a definite therapy for COVID-19.
The use of repurposed medications has shown to be a good alternative with
promising results while an effective vaccine is still not available.
• Despite the great challenge posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the
surfaced ethical issues, the ongoing efforts to fight the virus and the
excellence and hardworking of many research groups across the world offer
hope that in a near future we can win this battle.
• The most powerful message that has come out of all this is that the human
race is capable of presenting a united front against a crisis, in spite of
whatever geographical, racial, and religious borders may exist. With a species
so determined to persist, a minuscule virus won’t be able to defeat us so
easily.
10. REFERENCE:
• World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-
director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19--
• Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo
Coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis
• J. Med. Virol., 92 (4) (2020), pp. 418-423, 10.1002/jmv.25681
• B. Damle, M. Vourvahis, E. Wang, J. Leaney, B. Corrigan
• Clinical Pharmacology Perspectives on the Antiviral Activity of Azithromycin
and Use in COVID‐19
• Clin. Pharm. Therap. (2020), 10.1002/cpt.1857
• Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro.
• Structures from National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem
Database. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov