Overall about covid

1. CURRENT SCENARIO OF COVID-19
PRESENTED BY :
MUGATHI SHAIK ABBAS

2. ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
SEMINAR -2022
M.TECH BIOTECHNOLOGY
• CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CAUSE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS & PREVENTION
TREATMENT
MORTALITY RATIO SUBMITTED TO
CONCULSION K.JAYA RAJU SIR
PROFESSOR

3. ABSTRACT

4. INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
•Initial outbreak in Wuhan.
•Incubation period 2-14 days .
• Covid-19 acronym by Tedros Adhanom
•Genesis of corona virus

5. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Headache
• loss of smell (anosmia)
• Taste (ageusia),
•Nasal congestion and runny nose,
• Cough,
• Muscle pain,
• Sore throat,
•Fever,
• Diarrhea,
• Breathing difficulties
•Mild pneumonia
•Black fungus
•White fungus
•Fatigue

6. CAUSE
Transmission

7. Virology
• The structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 include :
• membrane glycoprotein (M),
• envelope protein (E),
• nucleocapsid protein (N), and the
• spike protein (S).

8. SARS-CoV-2 variants
• As of December 2021, there are five dominant variants of SARS-CoV-2 spreading among global
populations:
• The Alpha variant (B.1.1.7, formerly called the UK variant), first found in London and Kent,
• The Beta variant (B.1.351, formerly called the South Africa variant),
• The Gamma variant (P.1, formerly called the Brazil variant),
• The Delta variant (B.1.617.2, formerly called the India variant),
• The Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), which had spread to 57 countries as of 7 December.

9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
❑The SARS-CoV-2 virus can infect a wide range of cells and systems of the body.
❑ COVID‑19 is most known for affecting the upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) and the lower respiratory tract (windpipe
and lungs).
❑The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‑19 because the virus accesses host cells via the receptor for the enzyme
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant on the surface of type II alveolar cells of the lungs.
❑ The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell.

11. VIRAL AND HOST FACTORS
Virus proteins
• Multiple viral and host factors affect the pathogenesis of the virus.
• The S-protein, includes two subunits: S1 and S2.
• S1 determines the virus-host range and cellular tropism via the receptor-binding domain.
• S2 mediates the membrane fusion of the virus to its potential cell host via the H1 and HR2, which are heptad
repeat regions.
• Studies have shown that S1 domain induced IgG and IgA antibody levels at a much higher capacity. It is the focus
spike proteins expression that are involved in many effective COVID‑19 vaccines.
• The M protein is the viral protein responsible for the transmembrane transport of nutrients. It is the cause of the
bud release and the formation of the viral envelope.
• The N and E protein are accessory proteins that interfere with the host's immune response.

13. Host factors :
• Human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is the host factor that SARS-COV2 virus targets causing
COVID‑19.
• The effect of the virus on ACE2 cell surfaces leads to leukocytic infiltration, increased blood vessel permeability,
alveolar wall permeability, as well as decreased secretion of lung surfactants. These effects cause the majority of
the respiratory symptoms. However, the aggravation of local inflammation causes a cytokine storm eventually
leading to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome
• Among healthy adults not exposed to SARS-CoV-2, about 35% have CD4+
T cells that recognize the
SARS-CoV-2 S protein (particularly the S2 subunit) and about 50% react to other proteins of the virus,
suggesting cross-reactivity from previous common colds caused by other coronaviruses.

14. Diagnosis & prevention
COVID‑19 can provisionally be diagnosed on the basis of symptoms and confirmed using :
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
a sample of nose or throat swab is taken of the person to analyze the genetic fragments of the virus.
Chest CT scans
Chest computed tomography (CT) scan is an important method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia

15. Nucleic acid testing
• The NAAT procedure works by first
amplifying – or making many copies
of – the virus's genetic material, if any
is present in a person's specimen.
Amplifying those nucleic acids
enables NAATs to detect very small
amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a
specimen, making these tests highly
sensitive for diagnosing COVID-19.

16. SEROLOGICAL TESTS

17. Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection :

18. Treatment
There is no specific, effective treatment or cure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19), the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Vaccination
Fluid therapy
Oxygen support
Medications (NSAID,antidepressents,antivirals,)
Plasma Theraphy

19. HOW MEDICATIONS WORK?

20. HOW PLASMA THERPHY PERFORM?

21. WHAT IS VACCINE ?
• A preparation that is used to stimulate the body's immune response against diseases.

22. TYPES OF VACCINES
• COVI SHIELD - AstraZeneca's
• COVAXIN, - BHART BIOTECH
• Corbevax- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development
• Spikevax- Modern Biotech SPAIN
• Sputnik V, - Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia.

23. COMPOSITION OF COVAXIN
• Aluminum Hydroxide Gel,
• TLR 7/8 Agonist,
• 2-Phenoxyethanol
• Phosphate Buffered Saline

24. COMPOSITION OF VACCINE
• L-Histidine,
• L-Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate,
• Magnesium chloride hexahydrate,
• Polysorbate 80,
• Ethanol, Sucrose,
• Sodium chloride,
• Disodium edetate dihydrate (EDTA),
• Water for injection.

25. DIFEERENCE BETWEEN COVAXIN &
COVISHIELD
• The Covishield vaccine is given in two doses, 84 days or 1214 weeks apart.
• Doctors give Covaxin in two doses, but 30 days apart.
• Both vaccines can be stored at temperatures between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius. Makes
storage in the refrigerator easy and is ideal for the Indian climate

26. HOW CLINICAL STUDY WILL PERFORM FOR
VACCINATION?

27. MORTALITY RATIO: (Death ratio)
Case Fatality rate :
The case fatality rate (CFR) = The number of Deaths
The number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval.
Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 1.50% as of 1 February 2022. The number varies by region .
CFR 2022 India Global
Total
population
138 Crores 775.28 crores
Covid cases 4.15 crores
(3.007%)
37.8 crores
(4.87%)
Covid death
cases
4.96 lakh
(1.19%)
56.7 Lakhs
(1.5%)

28. CONCLUSION
This new virus outbreak has challenged the economic, medical
and public health infrastructure of China and to some extent, of other countries
especially, its neighbours. Time alone will tell how the virus will impact our lives here
in India. More so, future outbreaks of viruses and pathogens of zoonotic origin are
likely to continue. Therefore, apart from curbing this outbreak, efforts should be made
to devise comprehensive measures to prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic origin.
The Corona virus disaease is continues to spread across the world following a
trajectory that is difficult to predict the health humanitarian and socio economic
policies adopted by countries will determine the speed and strength of the recovery.

29. STAY SAFE
SAVE LIFE
THANK YOU !!!