1) The document discusses different types of COVID-19 vaccines including mRNA, inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, and subunit vaccines. It explains how each type works to generate an immune response without causing illness. 2) Details are provided on several specific COVID-19 vaccines like Moderna, Pfizer, Covishield, Covaxin, and others in clinical trials. Information is given on dosage schedules, effectiveness, and temperature storage requirements. 3) Herd immunity through widespread vaccination is described as the safest approach, rather than intentional exposure, to prevent unnecessary illness and death while protecting populations.

1. CQ

2. DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF VACCINE

3. HOW VIRUS WORKS ON BODY?

4. HOW VIRUS AFFECT THE BODY
Coronavirus latches its spiky surface proteins to ACE 2 receptors
on healthy cells
Especially lungs
The viral proteins bust into cells through ACE 2 receptors
appearing of signs & symptoms (2-14 days)

5. HOW VACCINE WORKS ON VIRUS?

6. m RNA VACCINE FACTS:
• Vaccine differs from traditional vaccine as they do not
expose from any real virus.
• m RNA vaccine- manufactured from year 1990 which
is safe & is made faster.
• m RNA vaccine do not use any live, dead or weak
virus.
• m RNA is a type of molecule that gives instructions to
cell how to make different kind of proteins that are
same as pathogen.

7. HOW VACCINE WORKS ON VIRUS
m RNA VACCINE:
• The Covid- 19 vaccine have passed many trial on thousand
people & make strict standards from FDA (FOOD & DRUG
ADMINISTRATION).

8. • It is injected to a muscle
(deltoid) in upper arm.
• Muscle cells take the
instructions from m RNA
vaccine and make
harmless pieces of
proteins basically spike
proteins, resembling
coronavirus protein.
CONTI…..

9. CONTI…….
• The spike proteins are found at the outside of SARS-CoV-2-
Virus (Covid-19).
• The newly make spike proteins now sits on the surface of
muscle cells.
• Immune system senses the spike proteins as a foreign threats
and start making antibodies (herd immunity.
• Formed antibodies fights with spike proteins of covid -19 virus
when it enters the body.
• EXAMPLE: Moderna vaccine & Pfizer vaccine

10. INACTIVATED OR WEAKENED VIRUS VACCINE
• In an inactivated vaccine, the pathogen is killed or modified in
such a way that it is unable to replicate so that it cannot cause
disease.
• This vaccine contains killed (inactivated) or weakened SARS-
CoV-2 virus usually involves heat, radiation, or chemicals to
destroy the pathogen’s genetic material, which stops it from
replicating.

11. CONTI…..
• It is usually not as strong as that the live attenuated
vaccines are. Due to this, a person may need booster
shots to ensure ongoing protection.
• It also requires relatively long production time to make
the inactivated vaccine.
• EXAMPLE: Sinovac vaccine, Sinopharm Vaccine and
Covaxin vaccine

12. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINE
• A live-attenuated vaccine uses a living but weakened version of
the virus.
• The weakened version of virus triggers the strong immune
response against disease condition.

13. VIRAL VECTOR VACCINE
• COVID-19 viral vector vaccines, the vector (not the virus that causes COVID-19,
but a different, harmless virus) will enter a cell in human body and then use the
cell’s machinery to produce a harmless piece of the virus that causes COVID-19.
• This piece is known as a spike protein and it is only found on the surface of the
virus that causes COVID-19.
• The cell displays the spike protein on its surface, and our immune system
recognizes it as antigen and triggers the immune response to begin producing
antibodies and activating immune cells to fight off an infection.
• EXAMPLE: Johnson & Johnson vaccine and Covishield vaccine

14. SUB-UNIT VIRAL PROTIEN VACCINE
• This kind of vaccine uses the specific part (the subunit/ proteins)
of a virus that should be recognize by immune system.
• EXAMPLE: Novavax vaccine

15. THE OXFORD/ASTRAZENECA COVID-19 VACCINE
• Manufacturer/ developer: AstraZeneca, University of Oxford.
• Research name: AZD1222 (ChAdOx1)
• Vaccine type: Viral Vector
• Administration method: Intramuscular injection
• Indian manufacturer: The Serum Institute of India (world’s
largest manufacturers)
• Known as Covishield in India.

16. CONTI……
• The Serum Institute of India produces nearly 50 million doses in
a month.
• Doses: 2 doses given 4 & 12 weeks apart.
• Temperature: 2˚C to 8˚C same as domestic refrigerator.
• SII says covishield is highly effective and backed by phase 3
trial data from Brazil and United Kingdom.
• Effectiveness: 90% after full dose (International clinical trials).
• SII, The Indian maker also says covishield is highly effective.

17. CONTI……
• 64 million doses of vaccines are shipped to 84 countries, some of countries
are: Latin America, The caribbean, Asia & Africa, UK, Canada, Brazil &
Mexico.

18. COVAXIN- INDIA’S INDIGENOUS COVID-19
VACCINE
• India's indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is
developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV).
• It is a 2-dose vaccination regimen given 28 days apart.
• Temperature: 2˚C to 8˚C same as domestic refrigerator.
• A total of 25,800 subjects have been enrolled to receive the
vaccine in phase 3 and found most effective vaccine.
• Bharat biotech has been approached by several countries
across the world for the procurement of COVAXIN.

19. LIST OF VACCINE CANDIDATES IN DIFFERENT
STAGES OF TRIAL
• ZyCov-Di, being developed by Ahmedabad- based Zydus-
Cadila.
• A vaccine being developed by Hydrabad- based Biological
E, the first Indian private vaccine- making company, in
collaboration with US- based Dynavax and Baylor College
of medicine.
• HGCO19, India’s first mRNA vaccine made by Pune- based
Genova in collaboration with Seattle –based HDT Biotech
corporation, using bits of genetic code to cause an immue
response.

20. CONTI…..
• A nasal vaccine by Bharat Bio Tech.
• The Sputnik V vaccine candidate developed by Dr
Reddy’s lab and Gamaleya National Centre in Russia.
• A second vaccine being developed by SII and American
vaccine development company Novavax.

21. HERD IMMUNITY
• Herd immunity also known as 'population immunity', is the
indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens
when a population is immune either through vaccination or
immunity developed through previous exposure to infection.
WHO supports achieving 'herd immunity' through vaccination,
not by allowing a disease to spread through any segment of the
population, as this would result in unnecessary cases and
deaths.

22. CONTI….
• Vaccines train immune systems to create proteins that fight
disease, known as ‘antibodies’, in a similar way when body is
exposed to a disease and vaccines work without making sick.
Vaccinated people are protected from getting the disease in and
passing on the pathogen and breaking the chains of
transmission.

23. “WHO’S REVIEW ON HERD IMMUNITY AS A WAY
OF FIGHTING THE DISEASE”
• According to WHO, ‘herd immunity’ through exposing people to
a virus are scientifically problematic. Letting COVID-19 spread
through populations, of any age or health status will lead to
unnecessary infections, sufferings and deaths.
• Most people who are infected with COVID-19 develop an
immune response within the first few weeks, but none can know
how strong or lasting that immune response is for different
people.
• There have also been reports of people infected with COVID-19
for a second time