The document discusses SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing how the virus infects cells, the immune response it provokes, and the different types of vaccines in development including virus, viral vector, nucleic acid and protein-based vaccines; it provides an overview of the vaccine development process and pipeline as well as the services offered by Creative Biolabs to support SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development.

1. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

2. Contents
SARS-CoV-2
Introduction
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccines
Introduction
Creative Biolabs’
Services
SARS-CoV-2
Vaccine Pipeline

3. Human cell
Body
ACE2 Receptor
In Vitro
Spike Protein
M Protein
RNA
Coronavirus
Viral RNA translated
into proteins
Virus enters the body
1.
Vesicle
Virus enters a cell
2.
Virus fuses with vesicle and
its RNA is released
3.
Virus assembly
4.
Virus release
5.
The virus uses its surface spike protein to
lock onto ACE2 receptors on the surface of
human cells. Once inside, these cells
translate the virus’s RNA to produce more
viruses.
Coronavirus Infection
SARS-CoV-2 Introduction
- Virus Infection

4. Virus ingested
by antigen-
presenting cell
(APC)
T-helper Cell
B Cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Anti-coronavirus
Antibody
Long-lived memory B and T cells
that recognize the virus can
protect the body for months or
years, providing immunity.
Destroy
infected cells
Viral Peptide
Specialized antigen-presenting cells
engulf the virus and display portions of it
to activate T-helper cells.
Immune response
T-helper cells enable other immune
responses: B cells make antibodies that can
block the virus from infecting cells, as well as
mark the virus for destruction. Cytotoxic T
cells identify and destroy virus-infected cells.
SARS-CoV-2 Introduction - Immune Response
Memory
Cells
MHCⅡ

5. 0
R&D
CLINICAL
LOGISTICS
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Introduction
- Vaccine Development
Platform
choice
E.g. proper Spike trimer formation,
folding and glycan structure
(Protein), generation of
neutralizing Abs, excellent
expression (DNA, RNA), Efficient
cell transduction (Viral vector), etc.
Neutralizing Abs, robust and
appropriate T-cell activation and
cytokines, SARS-Cov-2 viral killing
in challenge studies, protection
from COVID symptoms.
PhaseⅠ
Ø Safety
Idea vaccine
Ø Billions of
doses
Ø Elicits
effective，
long-lasting
immunity
Manufacturing
capabilities
Side-effects
Ø Reaction site/systemic Aes
Ø ADE, ADCC, CDC, VAERD
Lack of efficacy
Ø Minimal/no protection
Design 1-5
target
Prep small
batches
In vitro
testing
Targeting
selection
Target validation
Ø SARS-CoV-2 infection assays Vero cells
Ø Positive T-cell response
Preclinical
testing in
vitro in cell
culture and in
vivo in animals
Phase Ⅱ
Ø Safety
Ø Efficacy
Phase Ⅲ
Ø Efficacy
Ø Protection
COVID-19
Scale up
Worldwide
distribution
Storage
Supply
chain

6. All vaccines aim to expose the
body to an antigen that won’t
cause disease, but will provoke an
immune response that can block or
kill the virus if a person becomes
infected. There are at least eight
types being developed against the
coronavirus, and they are based on
different viruses or viral parts.
Virus
Viral Vector
Nucleic Acid
Protein-based
Others
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Number of vaccines in development
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Introduction - Vaccine Types
Virus
Inactivated
Weakened
Protein-based
Protein subunit
Virus-like particles
Viral Vector
Replicating
Non-replicating
Nucleic Acid
DNA
RNA

7. Antigen-presenting Cell
Cell
Immune
Respons
e
or
Weakened Virus Inactivated Virus
Vaccine
Virus Replicates
Coronavirus
Peptide
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Introduction
- Virus Vaccines

8. Antigen-presenting Cell
Immune
Response
Cell
Coronavirus
Spike Peptide
Virus Replicates
or
Vaccine
Replicating Viral
Vector
Viral Genes
Coronavirus Spike Gene
Non-replicating
Viral
Viral Genes
(some inactive)
Coronavirus Spike Gene
Replicating Viral Vector
(such as Weakened Measles)
Non-replicating Viral Vector
(such as Adenovirus)
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Introduction
- Viral Vector Vaccines
Vaccine

9. Cell
Nucleus
Immune Response
Coronavirus
Spike Peptide
Coronavirus
Spike Gene
DNA
Electroporation
DNA Vaccine RNA Vaccine
RNA
RNA is often encased in a
lipid coat so it can enter
cells
Viral Proteins
mRNA
RNA- and DNA-based vaccines are
safe and easy to develop. The
production only involves making
genetic material, not the virus. But
this method is unproven since no
licensed vaccines use this technology.
A process called
electroporation creates
pores in membranes to
increase uptake of DNA
into a cell.
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Introduction
- Nucleic Acid Vaccines

10. Coronavirus
Peptide
Protein Subunits
Virus-like Particles
Immune
Response
VLP
Immune
Response
Coronavirus
Peptide
Spike
protein
M protein
SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Introduction
- Protein-based Vaccines

11. Advantages/Disadvantages of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
Virus Vaccine
Direct immune response
No adjuvant required
No need to purify
antigen protein
High storage conditions
Effectiveness and risk
are not balanced
Viral Vector Vaccine
Without adjuvant
Strong security
Strong immune response
Weaken vaccine
effectiveness
High transportation and
storage requirements
Protein-based
Vaccine
Simple ingredients
Easy quality control
Need adjuvant
Need multiple injections
Long development cycle
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Nucleic Acid Vaccine
Good stability
Security and easy
development
Low cost
Unknown side effects
Advantages
Disadvantages

12. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Pipeline
199
vaccines are
in development
19
vaccines are
in clinical
testing
Note:
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ RR
https://www.covid-19vaccinetracker.org/

13. • In Silico Vaccine Design for SARS-CoV-
2
• Live Attenuated and Killed Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2
• Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2
• mRNA Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2
• Modified Vaccinia Virus Vectored Vaccine Development Services for SARS-
CoV-2
• Virus-Like Particles Based Vaccine Development Services for SARS-CoV-2
• Formulation Optimization Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
• Analysis & Qualification Service for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
Creative Biolabs’ Services

14. Drug Discovery Services
In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD)
Development
• Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drug Discovery
• Antibody & Immunoassay
Development Services
• SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Discovery
• SARS-CoV-2 Preclinical Research
• Molecular Diagnostic Assay
Development Services
• SARS-CoV-2 Related Detection Kits
Creative Biolabs’ Services

15. Phone: 1-631-466-5530
Web: www.creative-biolabs.com
Email: info@creative-biolabs.com
Address: 45-1 Ramsey Road, Shirley,
NY 11967, USA